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      Frutas enteras y expresión génica inflamatoria: Un estudio piloto in vivo en humanos Translated title: Whole fruits and inflammatory gene expression: in vivo pilot study in humans

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción Indagar acerca del efecto del consumo de frutas enteras sobre la expresión de ARNm de algunos genes inflamatorios en muestras de sangre periférica de jóvenes universitarios colombianos. Material y Métodos Previo a la intervención se aplicaron cuestionarios para explorar sobre algunos factores del estilo de vida. En el día 1, todos los voluntarios consumieron una comida de prueba. En los días 2 a 14, los individuos del grupo “control” continuaron con su alimentación habitual mientras que los del grupo “tratamiento” consumieron una porción diaria de frutas enteras. Durante la intervención se recolectaron muestras de sangre para determinar los niveles séricos de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos, así como para establecer la expresión de ARNm de los genes inflamatorios TNFR, IL1R, IL6R, TLR2, TLR4 y RELA a través de la técnica de qPCR. Resultados La expresión de ARNm del gen RELA varió según el nivel de estrés autorreportado por los voluntarios. En los individuos del grupo tratamiento se observó una reducción en la expresión de ARNm de los genes RELA e IL6R junto con un incremento en los niveles séricos de colesterol HDL. Conclusiones El consumo de frutas enteras parecer ser un factor relevante en la modulación de la expresión de ARNm de los genes RELA e IL6R así como en la regulación de los niveles séricos de colesterol HDL. Adicionalmente, el estrés parece ser otro elemento clave en la modulación de la expresión de ARNm del gen RELA.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction Inquire about the effect of whole fruits intake on the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in peripheral blood samples of Colombian university students. Material and Methods Prior to the intervention questionnaires were applied to explore some lifestyle factors. On day 1, all volunteers consumed a test meal. On days 2 to 14, individuals in the “control” group continued with their usual diet while the participants in the “treatment” group consumed a daily portion of whole fruits. During the intervention blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as establishing the mRNA expression of the inflammatory genes TNFR, IL1R, IL6R, TLR2, TLR4 and RELA through the qPCR technique. Results The mRNA expression of the RELA gene varies according to the level of stress self-reported by the volunteers. In individuals of the treatment group, mRNA expression of the RELA and IL6R genes is reduced while serum levels of HDL cholesterol are increased. Conclusions The intake of whole fruits seems to be a relevant factor in the modulation of mRNA expression of RELA and IL6R genes as well as in the regulation of serum levels of HDL cholesterol. In addition, stress seems to be another key element in the modulation of mRNA expression of the RELA gene.

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          Most cited references17

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          Primer3—new capabilities and interfaces

          Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a basic molecular biology technique with a multiplicity of uses, including deoxyribonucleic acid cloning and sequencing, functional analysis of genes, diagnosis of diseases, genotyping and discovery of genetic variants. Reliable primer design is crucial for successful PCR, and for over a decade, the open-source Primer3 software has been widely used for primer design, often in high-throughput genomics applications. It has also been incorporated into numerous publicly available software packages and web services. During this period, we have greatly expanded Primer3’s functionality. In this article, we describe Primer3’s current capabilities, emphasizing recent improvements. The most notable enhancements incorporate more accurate thermodynamic models in the primer design process, both to improve melting temperature prediction and to reduce the likelihood that primers will form hairpins or dimers. Additional enhancements include more precise control of primer placement—a change motivated partly by opportunities to use whole-genome sequences to improve primer specificity. We also added features to increase ease of use, including the ability to save and re-use parameter settings and the ability to require that individual primers not be used in more than one primer pair. We have made the core code more modular and provided cleaner programming interfaces to further ease integration with other software. These improvements position Primer3 for continued use with genome-scale data in the decade ahead.
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            Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable

            Sample size justification is an important consideration when planning a clinical trial, not only for the main trial but also for any preliminary pilot trial. When the outcome is a continuous variable, the sample size calculation requires an accurate estimate of the standard deviation of the outcome measure. A pilot trial can be used to get an estimate of the standard deviation, which could then be used to anticipate what may be observed in the main trial. However, an important consideration is that pilot trials often estimate the standard deviation parameter imprecisely. This paper looks at how we can choose an external pilot trial sample size in order to minimise the sample size of the overall clinical trial programme, that is, the pilot and the main trial together. We produce a method of calculating the optimal solution to the required pilot trial sample size when the standardised effect size for the main trial is known. However, as it may not be possible to know the standardised effect size to be used prior to the pilot trial, approximate rules are also presented. For a main trial designed with 90% power and two-sided 5% significance, we recommend pilot trial sample sizes per treatment arm of 75, 25, 15 and 10 for standardised effect sizes that are extra small (≤0.1), small (0.2), medium (0.5) or large (0.8), respectively.
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              The nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway: integrating metabolism with inflammation.

              Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved, coordinating regulators of immune and inflammatory responses. They also play a pivotal role in oncogenesis and metabolic disorders. Several studies during the past two decades have highlighted the key role of the IKK/NF-κB pathway in the induction and maintenance of the state of inflammation that underlies metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recent reports, however, reveal an even more intimate connection between NF-κB and metabolism. These studies demonstrate that NF-κB regulates energy homeostasis via direct engagement of the cellular networks governing glycolysis and respiration, with profound implications beyond metabolic diseases, including cancer, ageing and anticancer therapy. In this review, we discuss these emerging bioenergetic functions of NF-κB and their significance to oncogenesis. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                March 2020
                : 24
                : 1
                : 4-19
                Affiliations
                [1] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                Article
                S2174-51452020000100002 S2174-5145(20)02400100002
                10.14306/renhyd.24.1.746
                6ab1d025-0baf-4341-aa7c-59885a51b92e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 January 2019
                : 04 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Fruit,ARN Mensajero,RNA, Messenger,Expresión Génica,Nutrigenomics,Frutas,Nutrigenómica,Inflammation,Gene Expression,Inflamación

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