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      An experimental test of density-dependent selection on temperament traits of activity, boldness and sociability.

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          Abstract

          Temperament traits are seen in many animal species, and recent evolutionary models predict that they could be maintained by heterogeneous selection. We tested this prediction by examining density-dependent selection in juvenile common lizards Zootoca vivipara scored for activity, boldness and sociability at birth and at the age of 1 year. We measured three key life-history traits (juvenile survival, body growth rate and reproduction) and quantified selection in experimental populations at five density levels ranging from low to high values. We observed consistent individual differences for all behaviours on the short term, but only for activity and one boldness measure across the first year of life. At low density, growth selection favoured more sociable lizards, whereas viability selection favoured less active individuals. A significant negative correlational selection on activity and boldness existed for body growth rate irrespective of density. Thus, behavioural traits were characterized by limited ontogenic consistency, and natural selection was heterogeneous between density treatments and fitness traits. This confirms that density-dependent selection plays an important role in the maintenance of individual differences in exploration-activity and sociability.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          J. Evol. Biol.
          Journal of evolutionary biology
          Wiley-Blackwell
          1420-9101
          1010-061X
          May 2015
          : 28
          : 5
          Affiliations
          [1 ] CNRS, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
          [2 ] CNRS/ENS UMS 3194, CEREEP - Ecotron IleDeFrance, École Normale Supérieure, St-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France.
          [3 ] Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
          [4 ] School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
          Article
          10.1111/jeb.12641
          25865798
          6b0cf94e-9a24-4a3c-8370-c5fc4e858d2b
          History

          competition,correlational selection,growth-survival trade-off,natural selection,personality

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