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      Analgesia epidural multimodal en isquemia arterial aguda Translated title: Multimodal epidural analgesia in acute arterial ischemia

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          Abstract

          Resumen La isquemia arterial aguda (IAA) es un síndrome causado por la interrupción brusca del aporte sanguíneo a un determinado territorio del organismo, a consecuencia de la obstrucción súbita de la arteria que lo irriga. Puede ir acompañada de un intenso dolor que no responda a la analgesia convencional. La analgesia epidural multimodal es la administración de un anéstesico local con un opioide en el espacio peridural para mantener al individuo libre de dolor. El uso de una técnica multimodal reduce la incidencia y gravedad de los trastornos fisiológicos que ocasiona el dolor agudo. Presentamos un caso de un paciente ingresado a cargo de la Unidad de hospitalización a Domicilio para control evolutivo y manejo del dolor por una IAA en miembro superior izquierdo. Tras intervencionismo, se realizó una analgesia epidural multimodal con fentanilo y bupivacaina con mejoría completa del mismo y sin incidencias clínicas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Acute arterial ischemia (AAI) is a syndrome caused by the sudden interruption of the blood supply to a certain territory of the body, as a result of the sudden obstruction of the artery that supplies it. It can be accompanied by severe pain that does not respond to conventional analgesia. Multimodal epidural analgesia is the administration of a local anesthetic with an opioid into the epidural space to keep the individual pain free. The use of a multimodal technique reduces the incidence and severity of physiological disorders caused by acute pain. We present a case of a patient admitted to the Home Hospitalization Unit for evolutionary control and pain management due to an AAI in the left upper limb. After intervention, a multimodal epidural analgesia with fentanyl and bupivacaine was performed with complete improvement of the same and without clinical incidences.

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          Most cited references10

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          Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics.

          In the cancer population, the term breakthrough pain typically refers to a transitory flare of pain in the setting of chronic pain managed with opioid drugs. The prevalence and characteristics of this phenomenon have not been defined, and its impact on patient care is unknown. We developed operational definitions for breakthrough pain and its major characteristics, and applied these in a prospective survey of patients with cancer pain. Data were collected during a 3 month period from consecutive patients who reported moderate pain or less for more than 12 h daily and stable opioid dosing for a minimum of 2 consecutive days. Of 63 patients surveyed, 41 (64%) reported breakthrough pain, transient flares of severe or excruciating pain. Fifty-one different pains were described (median 4 pains/day; range 1-3600). Pain characteristics were extremely varied. Twenty-two (43%) pains were paroxysmal in onset; the remainder were more gradual. The duration varied from seconds to hours (median/range: 30 min/1-240 min), and 21 (41%) were both paroxysmal and brief (lancinating pain). Fifteen (29%) of the pains were related to the fixed opioid dose, occurring solely at the end of the dosing interval. Twenty-eight (55%) of the pains were precipitated; of these, 22 were caused by an action of the patient (incident pain), and 6 were associated with a non-volitional precipitant, such as flatulence. The pathophysiology of the pain was believed to be somatic in 17 (33%), visceral in 10 (20%), neuropathic in 14 (27%), and mixed in 10 (20%). Pain was related to the tumor in 42 (82%), the effects of therapy in 7 (14%), and neither in 2 (4%). Diverse interventions were employed to manage these pains, with variable efficacy. These data clarify the spectrum of breakthrough pains and indicate their importance in cancer pain management.
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            The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in surgical practice.

            To review the potential and proven benefits and complications of epidural anesthesia/analgesia. Advances in analgesia/anesthesia have improved patient satisfaction and perioperative outcomes. Epidural anesthesia/analgesia is one of these advances that is gaining rapid acceptance due to a perceived reduction in morbidity and overall patient satisfaction. A MEDLINE search was conducted for all pertinent articles on epidural anesthesia/analgesia. Retrospective, prospective, and meta-analysis studies have demonstrated an improvement in surgical outcome through beneficial effects on perioperative pulmonary function, blunting the surgical stress response and improved analgesia. In particular, significant reduction in perioperative cardiac morbidity ( approximately 30%), pulmonary infections ( approximately 40%), pulmonary embolism ( approximately 50%), ileus ( approximately 2 days), acute renal failure ( approximately 30%), and blood loss ( approximately 30%) were noted in our review of the literature. Potential complications related to epidural anesthesia/analgesia range from transient paresthesias (<10%) to potentially devastating epidural hematomas (0.0006%). Epidural anesthesia/analgesia has been demonstrated to improve postoperative outcome and attenuate the physiologic response to surgery.
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              A review of neuraxial epidural morbidity: experience of more than 8,000 cases at a single teaching hospital.

              The true incidence of serious neuraxial complications such as epidural hematoma or abscess after postoperative epidural infusions is still uncertain, in part due to inconsistencies in multicenter data collection. Prospective data were collected over 16 yr from the authors' Acute Pain Service, which is based in a large tertiary teaching institution with a nonobstetric general surgical population. Over this period, 8,210 epidural catheters were inserted for postoperative analgesia and 32 computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans were undertaken to exclude potential neuraxial complications. From these, two spinal hematomas (1:4,105) and six epidural abscesses (1:1,368) were diagnosed. Only one patient required surgical decompression. There were no long-term neurologic sequelae in any patient. In the past 6 yr, the frequency of investigation and diagnosis of epidural abscess has increased. Overall, the combined rate of epidural abscess or hematoma was 1:1,026, (0.1%; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.19%) with a need for operative intervention of 1:8,210 (0.01%; 95% confidence interval, 0.0-0.07%). Spinal hematoma was very rare (< 0.05%). Epidural abscess was also rare (< 0.1%) but remains a potentially serious complication. Early diagnosis, using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with appropriate clinical indicators, before the onset of neurologic signs, enables conservative therapy in many cases and may help to prevent the development of serious neurologic sequelae.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                had
                Hospital a Domicilio
                Hosp. domic.
                Centro Internacional Virtual de Investigación en Nutrición (CIVIN) (Alicante, Alicante, Spain )
                2530-5115
                September 2021
                : 5
                : 3
                : 161-166
                Affiliations
                [3] Sant Joan d'Alacant orgnameCentro de Salud Campello España
                [2] Sant Joan d'Alacant orgnameHospital Universitario de San Juan de Alicante orgdiv1Unidad de Hospitalización a Domicilio España
                [1] Sant Joan d'Alacant orgnameHospital Universitario de San Juan de Alicante orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias Hospitalarias España
                Article
                S2530-51152021000300004 S2530-5115(21)00500300004
                10.22585/hospdomic.v5i3.132
                6b306f88-dc9f-4936-b51d-0cd877b6881d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 June 2021
                : 17 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Notas clínicas

                Arteria braquial,Dolor,Pain,Analgesia, Epidural,Home Care Services,Isquemia,Analgesia Epidural,Servicios de Atención de Salud a Domicilio,Brachial Artery,Ischemia

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