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      Non-progressive cerebellar ataxia and previous undetermined acute cerebellar injury: a mysterious clinical condition Translated title: Ataxias cerebelares não-progressivas e lesão cerebelar aguda prévia indeterminada: uma condição clínica misteriosa

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          Abstract

          Cerebellar ataxias represent a wide group of neurological diseases secondary to dysfunctions of cerebellum or its associated pathways, rarely coursing with acute-onset acquired etiologies and chronic non-progressive presentation. We evaluated patients with acquired non-progressive cerebellar ataxia that presented previous acute or subacute onset. Clinical and neuroimaging characterization of adult patients with acquired non-progressive ataxia were performed. Five patients were identified with the phenotype of acquired non-progressive ataxia. Most patients presented with a juvenile to adult-onset acute to subacute appendicular and truncal cerebellar ataxia with mild to moderate cerebellar or olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Establishing the etiology of the acute triggering events of such ataxias is complex. Non-progressive ataxia in adults must be distinguished from hereditary ataxias.

          Translated abstract

          Ataxias cerebelares representam um grupo amplo de doenças neurológicas secundárias a disfunções cerebelares ou das vias associadas, raramente cursando com etiologias adquiridas de início agudo e com evolução crônica não-progressiva. Nós avaliamos pacientes com ataxia cerebelar adquirida não-progressiva com apresentação prévia aguda ou subaguda. Foi realizada caracterização clínica e de neuroimagem de pacientes adultos com ataxia adquirida não-progressiva. Cinco pacientes foram identificados com o fenótipo clínico de ataxia adquirida não-progressiva. A maior parte dos pacientes apresentou início juvenil ou no adulto, de forma aguda ou subaguda, de ataxia cerebelar appendicular e de tronco com atrofia cerebelar ou olivopontocerebelar leve a moderada. Estabelecer a etiologia dos eventos agudos desencadeantes de tais ataxias é complexo. Ataxia não-progressiva em adultos deve ser diferenciada das ataxias hereditárias.

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          Sporadic ataxia with adult onset: classification and diagnostic criteria.

          In most patients with adult-onset progressive ataxia, the condition manifests without an obvious familial background. The classification and correct diagnosis of such patients remain a challenge, because almost the entire spectrum of non-genetic and genetic causes of ataxia has to be considered. A wide range of potential causes of acquired ataxia exist, including chronic alcohol use, various other toxic agents, immune-mediated inflammation, vitamin deficiency, chronic leptomeningeal deposition of iron leading to superficial siderosis, and chronic CNS infection. Mutations in single genes can also underlie sporadic ataxia in adults. Finally, patients might have a sporadic degenerative disease, such as multiple system atrophy of cerebellar type or sporadic adult-onset ataxia of unknown aetiology. The definition of clinical criteria and delineation of characteristic MRI features have greatly facilitated the early and correct recognition of sporadic ataxias. In addition, specific serological and genetic markers are available that allow a definite diagnosis in many cases. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Exome Sequencing as a Diagnostic Tool for Pediatric-Onset Ataxia

            Ataxia demonstrates substantial phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. We set out to determine the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing in pediatric patients with ataxia without a molecular diagnosis after standard-of-care assessment in Canada. FORGE (Finding Of Rare disease GEnes) Canada is a nation-wide project focused on identifying novel disease genes for rare pediatric diseases using whole-exome sequencing. We retrospectively selected all FORGE Canada projects that included cerebellar ataxia as a feature. We identified 28 such families and a molecular diagnosis was made in 13; a success rate of 46%. In 11 families, we identified mutations in genes associated with known neurological syndromes and in two we identified novel disease genes. Exome analysis of sib pairs and/or patients born to consanguineous parents was more likely to be successful (9/13) than simplex cases (4/15). Our data suggest that exome sequencing is an effective first line test for pediatric patients with ataxia where a specific single gene is not immediately suspected to be causative.
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              Ataxia rating scales--psychometric profiles, natural history and their application in clinical trials.

              We aimed to perform a comprehensive systematic review of the existing ataxia scales. We described the disorders for which the instruments have been validated and used, the time spent in its application, its validated psychometric properties, and their use in studies of natural history and clinical trials. A search from 1997 onwards was performed in the MEDLINE, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. The web sites ClinicalTrials.gov and Orpha.net were also used to identify the endpoints used in ongoing randomized clinical trials. We identified and described the semiquantitative ataxia scales (ICARS, SARA, MICARS, BARS); semiquantitative ataxia and non-ataxia scales (UMSARS, FARS, NESSCA); a semiquantitative non-ataxia scale (INAS); quantitative ataxia scales (CATSYS 2000, AFCS, CCFS and CCFSw, and SCAFI); and the self-performed ataxia scale (FAIS). SARA and ICARS were the best studied and validated so far, and their reliability sustain their use. Ataxia and non-ataxia scores will probably provide a better view of the overall disability in long-term trials and studies of natural history. Up to now, no clear advantage has been disclosed for any of them; however, we recommend the use of specific measurements of gait since gait ataxia is the first significant manifestation in the majority of ataxia disorders and comment on the best scales to be used in specific ataxia forms. Quantitative ataxia scales will be needed to speed up evidence from phase II clinical trials, from trials focused on the early phase of diseases, and for secondary endpoints in phase III trials. Finally, it is worth remembering that estimation of the actual minimal clinically relevant difference is still lacking; this, together with changes in quality of life, will probably be the main endpoints to measure in future therapeutic studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo )
                1678-4227
                October 2015
                : 73
                : 10
                : 823-827
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-282X2015001000823
                10.1590/0004-282X20150119
                6b3c3d46-23be-4e10-8480-16879104764b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-282X&lng=en
                Categories
                NEUROSCIENCES
                PSYCHIATRY

                Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cerebellar ataxia,cerebellum,non-progressive ataxia,ataxia cerebelar,cerebelo,ataxia não-progressiva

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