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      Systematic Review of Computer Based Assessments in Medical Education

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          Abstract

          Medical schools, postgraduate training institutes, licensing and certification bodies have developed and implemented many new methods for accurate, reliable, and timely assessments of the competence of medical professionals and practicing physicians. The underlying objective of all these assessments is to not only evaluate the students’ learning and educational goals but also to establish the graduating individual's skills and professionalism. Computer based assessment (CBA) has emerged in recent years as a viable alternative to traditional assessment techniques. It has also infiltrated and influenced the medical curriculum where it has been employed for assessment tasks. This study presents how CBA offers pedagogical opportunities and analyzes its usage pattern over the past three decades. We examined 47 CBAs in medical education and analyzed several assessment components, including application area, assessment purpose, assessment type, assessment format, student level, and emphasized the interplay among these components. Our analysis determined that formative assessment is the most frequently used type and 75% of all assessment types employed used the multiple choice questions format.

          Translated abstract

          ملخص البحث : طورت كليات الطب والمراكز الصحية والتراخيص المهنية طرق جديدة وموثوقة لتقييم المهارات الطبية للأطباء والممارسين الصحيين. يكمن الهدف الرئيس في كل طرق التقييم المستخدمة لتقييم مدى تحقق الأهداف التعليمية وأيضا لتنمية مهارات الفرد ومهنيته. تطورت الاختبارات المحوسبة في الفترة الماضية لتصبح بديلا لطرق التقييم التقليدية وشاعت في المجال الطبي كوسيلة معتمدة للقياس والتقييم. تعرض هذه الدراسة كيف تقدم الاختبارات المحوسبة فرص تعليمية كبيرة وأيضا طرق استخداماتها الشائعة في العقود الثلاثة الماضية. قام الباحثان بتحليل وفحص الأجزاء المكونة لـ 74 اختبار محوسب في التعليم الطبي بما في ذلك التخصص المراد تطبيق الاختبار عليه ونوع الاختبار ونمطه ومستوى الطلاب المستهدفين ومدى الترابط بين هذه العناصر. خلصت الدراسة الي أن الاستخدام الأكثر شيوعا للاختبارات المحوسبة في التعليم الطبي هو التقييم التكويني وذلك بنسبة %57 وأن أكثر نوع من الأسئلة المستخدمة في الاختبارات المحوسبة في التعليم الطبي هو الاختيارات المتعددة.

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          Most cited references62

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          Assessment methods in medical education

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            Communication and information technology in medical education.

            The past few years have seen rapid advances in communication and information technology (C&IT), and the pervasion of the worldwide web into everyday life has important implications for education. Most medical schools provide extensive computer networks for their students, and these are increasingly becoming a central component of the learning and teaching environment. Such advances bring new opportunities and challenges to medical education, and are having an impact on the way that we teach and on the way that students learn, and on the very design and delivery of the curriculum. The plethora of information available on the web is overwhelming, and both students and staff need to be taught how to manage it effectively. Medical schools must develop clear strategies to address the issues raised by these technologies. We describe how medical schools are rising to this challenge, look at some of the ways in which communication and information technology can be used to enhance the learning and teaching environment, and discuss the potential impact of future developments on medical education.
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              How can I know what I don't know? Poor self assessment in a well-defined domain.

              As the rapidity with which medical knowledge is generated and disseminated becomes amplified, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the need for physicians to develop the skills necessary for life-long learning. One such skill is the ability to evaluate one's own deficiencies. A ubiquitous finding in the study of self-assessment, however, is that self-ratings are poorly correlated with other performance measures. Still, many educators view the ability to recognize and communicate one's deficiencies as an important component of adult learning. As a result, two studies have been performed in an attempt to improve upon this status quo. First, we tried to re-define the limits within which self-assessments should be used, using Rosenblit and Keil's argument that calibration between perceived and actual performance will be better within taxonomies that are regularly tested (e.g., factual knowledge) compared to those that are not (e.g., conceptual knowledge). Second, we tried to norm reference individuals based on both the performance of their colleagues and their own historical performance on McMaster's Personal Progress Inventory (a multiple choice question test of medical knowledge). While it appears that students are able to (a) make macro-level self-assessments (i.e., to recognize that third year students typically outperform first year students), and (b) judge their performance relatively accurately after the fact, students were unable to predict the percentage of questions they would answer correctly with a testing procedure in which they have had a substantial amount of feedback. Previous test score was a much better predictor of current test performance than were individuals' expectations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Saudi J Med Med Sci
                Saudi J Med Med Sci
                SJMMS
                Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                1658-631X
                2321-4856
                May-Aug 2016
                09 March 2016
                : 4
                : 2
                : 79-88
                Affiliations
                [1]Deanship of Information and Communications Technology, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. Zahid Ali, Deanship of Information and Communications Technology, University of Dammam, P. O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: zawali@ 123456uod.edu.sa
                Article
                SJMMS-4-79
                10.4103/1658-631X.178288
                6298330
                6b64b901-58ac-49c7-93ea-291a691dc9a6
                Copyright: © 2016 Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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                Categories
                Review Article

                computer based assessments,formative and summative assessment,self-assessment

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