Physical activity by children: an analysis based on Social Network Theory Translated title: Actividad física en escolares: un análisis desde la Teoría de redes sociales

Abstract

Introduction: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for obesity and non-transmissible chronic diseases; this represents a burden for health services and limits the development of social capital. Objective: To identify the structure of the school and the community social network for the practice of structured and unstructured physical activity (PA) by schoolchildren. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on Social Network Theory conducted in Morelos, Mexico. A convenience sample of 33 children aged 8 to 10 years-old was selected from two public elementary schools. PA evaluations through pedometry, anthropometric assessments, and PA social network assessments (size, density, homophily, and centrality of actors) were performed. Results: The overall PA network was composed by 239 actors that were mostly peers (40.2%). The school sub-network had an average of 122 actors (87.0% children/peers and 13.0% teachers). Most children conducted PA in groups with their peers; overweight/obese children (mostly girls) lingered in the periphery of the school sub-network. The community sub-network had an average of 160 actors (55.0% parents/family members, 41.2% children/peers, and 3.8% Soccer-coaches). This sub-network, composed mostly by men (60.6%), was highly fragmented (19 sets of actors); they generally promoted unstructured "masculine" activities. The girls who did not perform structured PA and did not meet the recommended number of steps/day were in isolated and small community networks. Conclusions: School teachers are key actors in promoting structured PA. Male peers stand out as promoters of unstructured activity in the school and the community. Overweight and obese girls are a vulnerable group by having fragmented social networks. Public health interventions based in social networks should empower girls motor activity and adult women to become prestige leaders for promoting PA among children.

Translated abstract

Introducción: La inactividad física es factor de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la obesidad, limitando el desarrollo del capital social. Objetivo: Identificar la estructura de las redes sociales escolar y comunitaria para la práctica de la actividad física (AF) en escolares. Metodología: Estudio transversal basado en la Teoría de redes sociales, realizado en escuelas primarias públicas de Morelos, México, en 33 niños de 8 a 10 años de edad. Se realizaron mediciones de AF estructurada y no estructurada mediante podometría, evaluaciones antropométricas y de la estructura de las redes sociales de los escolares (tamaño, densidad, homofilia, y centralidad). Resultados: La red general incluyó 239 actores, la mayoría (40.2%) pares de los escolares. La sub-red escolar incluyó 122 actores, 87.0% escolares/pares y 13.0% maestros. Las niñas con sobrepeso/obesidad se ubicaron en la periferia de la sub-red; la mayoría de los escolares realizaron AF grupal con sus pares. La sub-red comunitaria incluyó 160 actores (55.0% padres/otros familiares, 41.2% escolares/pares y 3.8% entrenadores de futbol). Esta sub-red estuvo altamente fragmentada (19 conjuntos de actores), con 60.6% hombres promotores de actividades no estructuradas "masculinas". Las niñas sedentarias y que no realizaban AF estructurada formaron redes pequeñas y aisladas. Conclusión: Los maestros y pares de sexo masculino son actores clave en la promoción de AF en la escuela y la comunidad. Las niñas con sobrepeso/obesidad son un grupo vulnerable al tener redes fragmentadas. Intervenciones de salud pública basadas en redes sociales, deben empoderar a niñas y mujeres para convertirse en líderes promotoras de AF en escolares.