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      Mini-review: the morphology, mineralogy and microbiology of accumulated iron corrosion products

      other
      Author(s): a , * , b , a
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Biofouling
      Publisher: Taylor & Francis
      Keywords: seawater, freshwater, tubercle, rusticle

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          Abstract

          Despite obvious differences in morphology, substratum chemistry and the electrolyte in which they form, accumulations of iron corrosion products have the following characteristics in common: stratification of iron oxides/hydroxides with a preponderance of α-FeOOH (goethite) and accumulation of metals. Bacteria, particularly iron-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria have been identified in some accumulations. Both biotic and abiotic mechanisms have been used to rationalize observations for particular sets of environmental data. This review is the first to compare observations and interpretations.

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          Lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria produce organic stalks to control mineral growth: implications for biosignature formation.

          Albert S C Chan, Yvonne J K Edwards, David Emerson … (2011)
          Neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) are often identified by their distinctive morphologies, such as the extracellular twisted ribbon-like stalks formed by Gallionella ferruginea or Mariprofundus ferrooxydans. Similar filaments preserved in silica are often identified as FeOB fossils in rocks. Although it is assumed that twisted iron stalks are indicative of FeOB, the stalk's metabolic role has not been established. To this end, we studied the marine FeOB M. ferrooxydans by light, X-ray and electron microscopy. Using time-lapse light microscopy, we observed cells excreting stalks during growth (averaging 2.2  μm  h(-1)). Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy show that stalks are Fe(III)-rich, whereas cells are low in Fe. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that stalks are composed of several fibrils, which contain few-nanometer-sized iron oxyhydroxide crystals. Lepidocrocite crystals that nucleated on the fibril surface are much larger (∼100  nm), suggesting that mineral growth within fibrils is retarded, relative to sites surrounding fibrils. C and N 1s NEXAFS spectroscopy and fluorescence probing show that stalks primarily contain carboxyl-rich polysaccharides. On the basis of these results, we suggest a physiological model for Fe oxidation in which cells excrete oxidized Fe bound to organic polymers. These organic molecules retard mineral growth, preventing cell encrustation. This model describes an essential role for stalk formation in FeOB growth. We suggest that stalk-like morphologies observed in modern and ancient samples may be correlated confidently with the Fe-oxidizing metabolism as a robust biosignature.
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            Iron oxyhydroxide mineralization on microbial extracellular polysaccharides

            Clara S. Chan, Sirine C. Fakra, David C. Edwards … (2009)
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              A surface precipitation model for the sorption of cations on metal oxides

              François Morel, David Dzombak, Kevin J Farley (1985)
              Article 0 comments Cited 53 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biofouling
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biofouling
                Journal ID (archive): GBIF
                Journal ID (publisher-id): gbif20
                Title: Biofouling
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 0892-7014
                ISSN (Electronic): 1029-2454
                Publication date (Print): 14 September 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 October 2014
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 941-948
                Affiliations
                [ a ]Naval Research Laboratory , Stennis Space Center, MS, USA
                [ b ]Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University , Middletown, OH, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: brenda.little@ 123456nrlssc.navy.mil
                Article
                Publisher ID: 951039
                DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.951039
                PMC ID: 4226311
                PubMed ID: 25271874
                SO-VID: 6b93ebd6-5b6b-4a71-ab3e-525679315d29
                Copyright © This work was authored as part of the Contributor’s official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 U.S.C. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under US Law. Tammie L. Gerke hereby waives her right to assert copyright, but not her right to be named as a co-author in the article.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article. Non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way, is permitted. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

                History
                Date received : 23 June 2014
                Date accepted : 30 July 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Mini Reviews

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: seawater,freshwater,tubercle,rusticle
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: seawater, freshwater, tubercle, rusticle

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