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      Resistencia a insecticidas y mecanismos de resistencia en Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) de 2 provincias del Perú Translated title: Insecticide resistance mechanisms of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from two Peruvian provinces

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          Abstract

          Se realizó un estudio de la resistencia a insecticidas en larvas y adultos de Aedes aegypti de 2 provincias del Perú: Trujillo y Tumbes donde prevalecen altos índices de infestación de este vector y están sometidas a extenso uso de insecticidas por la Estrategia de Vigilancia y Control Vectorial del Ministerio de Salud. Los bioensayos en larvas revelaron susceptibilidad al insecticida organofosforado malation (FR50 ≤ 5x) en la cepa TRUJILLO, moderada a fention y fenitrotion (FR50 entre 5 y 10) y alta resistencia (FR50 ≥ 10x) a clorpirifos y temefos, sin embargo en la cepa TUMBES se observó susceptibilidad para los organofosforados evaluados, excepto para fention, con moderada resistencia. En el estado adulto, a la dosis recomendada, en TRUJILLO se observó resistencia al organoclorado DDT y a los piretroides lambdacialotrina y ciflutrina, la cepa TUMBES fue resistente a DDT y a todos los piretroides evaluados. Ninguna de las 2 cepas mostró resistencia a clorpirifos en el estado adulto. Los resultados, utilizando sinergistas, demostraron que las enzimas esterasas y monooxigenasas desempeñaron un papel importante en la resistencia observada a organofosforados en larvas de la provincia TRUJILLO. A través de ensayos bioquímicos se encontró a elevada frecuencia la actividad incrementada de esterasas en TRUJILLO, al igual que la glutation transferasa (GST) y la acetilcolinesterasa modificada (AchE). Mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida se observó en TRUJILLO, no en TUMBES, la prevalencia de la amplificada actividad de esterasas A4.

          Translated abstract

          Insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti larvae and adults from two Peruvian provinces, that is, Trujillo and Tumbes provinces, was conducted. High infestation indexes and extensive use of insecticides based on the Vector Surveillance and Control Strategy of the Ministry of Public Health prevailed in these places. Larval bioassays revealed susceptibility to organophosphorate insecticide called malathion in TRUJILLO strain, it being moderate to fention and fenitrotion and high to chlorpyriphos and temephos; however, TUMBES strain was susceptible to the evaluated organophosphorate compounds, except for fention, with moderate resistance. In the adult state, at the recommended dose, TRUJILLO strain showed resistance to DDT organochlorate insecticide and to pyrethoids called lambdacyalotrine and cyflutrine whereas TUMBES was resistent to DDT and to all assessed pyrethoids. None of them was resistent to chlorpiriphos in adult stage. By using synergists, the results showed that esterases and monooxigenases played an important role in the detected resistence to organophosphorate in Aedes larvae from TRUJILLO province. Biochemical assays yielded that increased activity of esterases was very frequent in TRUJILLO strain as was the case of glutathion transferase(GST) and modified acetylcholinesterase (AchR). On the other hand, the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed observing the prevalence of amplified activity of esterases A4 in TRUJILLO strain but not in TUMBES strain.

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          Glutathione S-transferases as antioxidant defence agents confer pyrethroid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens.

          Selection of a laboratory colony of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens with the pyrethroids permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin increased its resistance to both insecticides. Biochemical analysis and synergistic studies with metabolic inhibitors indicated that elevated glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) with a predominant peroxidase activity conferred resistance to both pyrethroids, whereas esterases conferred part of the resistance to permethrin. Purified esterases hydrolysed permethrin at a slow rate, but incubation of either pyrethroid or their primary metabolites with partially purified GSTs had no effect on the metabolic profile. Although GSTs were sensitive to inhibition by both pyrethroids, they did not serve as binding proteins, as previously hypothesized [Grant and Matsumura (1988) Insect Biochem. 18, 615-622]. We demonstrate that pyrethroids, in addition to their neurotoxic effect, induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in insects. Pyrethroid exposure induced lipid peroxides, protein oxidation and depleted reduced glutathione. Elevated GSTs in the resistant strains attenuated the pyrethroid-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced mortality, whereas their in vivo inhibition eliminated their protective role. We therefore hypothesize that the main role of elevated GSTs in conferring resistance in N. lugens is through protecting tissues from oxidative damage. Our study extends the GSTs' range of efficacy to pyrethroid insecticides and possibly explains the role of elevated GSTs in other pyrethroid-resistant insects.
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            Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus across Thailand.

            Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), two important vectors of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, were collected from Mae Sot, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Surat Thani, and Phatthalung, Thailand, from July 2003 to April 2004. The patterns of insecticide susceptibility to temephos, malathion, and permethrin of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae were determined. Ae. aegypti from all study sites were resistant to permethrin, they but were susceptible to malathion. Resistance to temephos was detected in all strains of Ae. aegypti, except those from Nakhon Ratchasima. Ae. albopictus larvae had low levels of resistance to all three insecticides, except Mae Sot and Phatthalung strains, which were resistant to permethrin.
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              Instruction for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides

              (1981)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mtr
                Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical
                Rev Cubana Med Trop
                Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3054
                December 2007
                : 59
                : 3
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí Cuba
                Article
                S0375-07602007000300004
                6b978ef7-23ff-494d-9817-3fbbf69ad8d2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0375-0760&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Aedes aegypti,insecticides,esterases,glutathion transferase,acetylcholinesterase,Perú,insecticidas,esterasas,glutation transferasa,acetilcolinesterasa

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