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      Normas percibidas por los estudiantes universitarios acerca de sus pares y el uso de drogas en Bogotá, Colombia Translated title: Perceived norms among university students about their peers and drug use in Bogota, Colombia Translated title: Normas percebidas pelos estudantes universitários acerca dos seus pares e o uso de drogas em Bogotá, Colômbia

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          Abstract

          Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la diferencia entre las normas percibidas sobre uso de drogas en universitarios y sus pares, entre 18 a 24 años, de las áreas de salud y educación. Se trata de un estudio transversal, por encuesta y cuestionario autoaplicado anónimo. Participaron 365 estudiantes. En el último año, la proporción de consumo real de tabaco fue 43,6%, de alcohol 96,2%, de marihuana 8,2%; y 2,2%, de cocaína. La norma percibida de la proporción de consumo de tabaco el último año fue 78,9%, alcohol 88,3%, marihuana 35,4% y 20,9% cocaína. La proporción de consumo real de alcohol entre los estudiantes y la norma percibida por ellos estuvieron muy próximas; para el tabaco, marihuana y cocaína la percepción estuvo sobreestimada. De las drogas de acceso fácil o muy fácil en el campus, se encontró una subestimación para cigarrillo y cocaína, y sobreestimación para marihuana. Se concluye que los universitarios sobrestiman el consumo de tabaco, marihuana y cocaína, parte de sus pares, y tienen una percepción exacta del consumo de alcohol. La sustancia de consumo más sobreestimada de los últimos doce meses fue el tabaco.

          Translated abstract

          The objective of this study was to estimate the difference between perceived norms for drug use among university students and their peers, with ages between 18 and 24 years, and attending education and health courses. This cross-sectional study was based on a survey and an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: in total, 365 students participated. The rates for drug use over the last year were as follows: 43.6% for tobacco; 96.2% for alcohol; 8.2% for marijuana; and 2.2% for cocaine. The perceived norm for drug use over the last year was 78.9% for tobacco, 88.3% for alcohol, 35.4% for marijuana and 20.9% for cocaine. The consumption of alcoholic beverages and the perceived norm were very close, but it was overestimated for tobacco use. Regarding access to drugs being easy or very easy on campus, access to cigarettes and cocaine was underestimated, while marijuana was overestimated. CONCLUSIONS: university students overestimate the use of tobacco, marijuana and cocaine by their peers and have a correct perception of alcohol use. Tobacco is the substance with the most overestimated use.

          Translated abstract

          Com este trabalho objetivou-se estimar a diferença entre as normas percebidas sobre o uso de drogas pelos estudantes universitários e os seus pares, com idades entre 18 e 24 anos, das faculdades de educação e saúde. É um estudo transversal, baseado em censo e questionário autoadministrado, sem identificação do respondente. Participaram 365 estudantes. Quanto aos resultados, vê-se que a proporção do consumo de tabaco no último ano foi 43,6%; álcool 96,2%, maconha 8,2% e 2,2% cocaína. A norma percebida para a proporção do consumo de tabaco no último ano foi de 78,9%, álcool 88,3%, maconha 35,4% e 20,9% para a cocaína. A proporção do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e a norma percebida estiveram muito próximas, para o consumo de tabaco esteve sobreestimada. Para o acesso fácil ou muito fácil no campus universitário, foi encontrada subestimação para o cigarro e a cocaína, e superestimação para a maconha. Conclui-se que os estudantes universitários sobreestimam o consumo de tabaco, maconha e cocaína pelos seus pares e têm percepção exata do consumo de álcool. A sustância mais sobreestimada foi o tabaco.

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          Most cited references20

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          Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: a meta-analytic integration.

          Many college students overestimate both the drinking behaviors (descriptive norms) and the approval of drinking (injunctive norms) of their peers. As a result, consistent self-other discrepancies (SODs) have been observed, in which self-perceptions of drinking behaviors and approval of drinking usually are lower than comparable judgments of others. These SODs form the foundation of the currently popular "social norms approach" to alcohol abuse prevention, which conveys to students the actual campus norms regarding drinking behaviors and approval of alcohol use. However, little attention has been paid to the factors that can influence the magnitude of SODs. This research was conducted to address these issues. This meta-analytic integration of 23 studies evaluated the influence of five predictors of SODs: norm type (injunctive or descriptive), gender, reference group, question specificity and campus size. These studies rendered 102 separate tests of SODs in descriptive and injunctive forms, representing the responses of 53,825 participants. All five predictors were significantly related to self-other differences in the perception of norms. Greater SODs were evident for injunctive norms, estimates by women, distal reference groups and nonspecific questions, as well as on smaller campuses. More systematic attention should be given to how norms are assessed. In particular, SODs can be maximized or minimized, depending on the specificity of the behaviors/attitudes evaluated and the reference groups chosen for comparison.
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            Misperceptions of the norms for the frequency of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses.

            Data from surveys of students representing 100 diverse college campuses were used to investigate the difference between the self-reported frequency of a drug's use and students' perceptions of the frequency of use. Students were asked about the frequency of their own use of 11 drugs (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, hallucinogens, opiates, inhalants, designer drugs, and steroids) and how often they thought "the average student" on their campus used these drugs. Respondents typically misperceived their peer norms (designated as the median of self-reported use) by substantially overestimating how often the average student used each drug, both in campus samples where abstinence or infrequent use were the median of self-reports and in samples where the median of self-reports revealed more frequent use. To the extent that they may promote or reinforce students' actual use, these misperceptions should be considered in designing college drug prevention programs.
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              Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts.

              This article provides a review of conceptual and empirical studies on the role of social norms in college student alcohol use and in prevention strategies to counter misuse. The normative influences of various constituencies serving as reference groups for students are examined as possible factors influencing students' drinking behavior. A review of English language studies was conducted. Parental norms have only modest impact on students once they enter college beyond the residual effects of previously instilled drinking attitudes and religious traditions. Faculty could theoretically provide a positive influence on student drinking behavior, but there is little evidence in the literature that faculty norms and expectations about avoiding alcohol misuse are effectively communicated to students. Although the norms of resident advisers (RAs) should ideally provide a restraint on student alcohol misuse, the positive influence of RAs is limited by their negotiated compromises with students whom they oversee and by their misperceptions of student norms. Research reveals student peer norms to be the strongest influence on students' personal drinking behavior, with the more socially integrated students typically drinking most heavily. The widespread prevalence among students of dramatic misperceptions of peer norms regarding drinking attitudes and behaviors is also a consistent finding. Permissiveness and problem behaviors among peers are overestimated, even in environments where problem drinking rates are relatively high in actuality. These misperceived norms, in turn, have a significant negative effect promoting and exacerbating problem drinking. Interventions to reduce these misperceptions have revealed a substantial positive effect in several pilot studies and campus experiments.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo (, SP, Brazil )
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                2009
                : 17
                : spe
                : 893-899
                Affiliations
                [04] orgnameOrganization of American States orgdiv1Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission orgdiv2Demand Reduction Section Estados Unidos gwright@ 123456oas.org
                [03] orgnameUniversity of Toronto orgdiv1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health orgdiv2Health Canada and Public Health and Regulatory Policies Canada bruna_brands@ 123456camh.net
                [01] orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Facultad de Enfermería Colombia lsmedina@ 123456javeriana.edu.co
                [02] orgnameUniversity of Toronto orgdiv1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health orgdiv2Health Systems Research and Consulting Unit john_cunningham@ 123456.net
                Article
                S0104-11692009000700021 S0104-1169(09)01700021
                6b9a9115-dba8-421a-a62c-c91fc9715571

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 September 2009
                : 27 April 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Revista de Enfermagem

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                percepción,higher,street drugs,education,smoking,perception,drogas ilícitas,educação superior,tabagismo,percepção,educación superior,tabaquismo

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