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      Brain charts for the human lifespan

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 3 , 4 , 5 , , 6 , 7 , 3 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 1 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 10 , 23 , 1 , 24 , 10 , 11 , 1 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 5 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 37 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 48 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 9 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 68 , 68 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 70 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 6 , 84 , 62 , 85 , 86 , 3 , 5 , 3 , 5 , 49 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 6 , 18 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 1 , 99 , 100 , 82 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 83 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 6 , 74 , 102 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 2 , 6 , 70 , 123 , 37 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 128 , 129 , 1 , 130 , 48 , 131 , 64 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 82 , 47 , 136 , 51 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 6 , 135 , 6 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 99 , 149 , 37 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 49 , 158 , 16 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 45 , 145 , 162 , 163 , 123 , 164 , 82 , 165 , 166 , 6 , 167 , 6 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 3 , 8 , 172 , 173 , 49 , 83 , 108 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 32 , 180 , 36 , 181 , 117 , 118 , 182 , 83 , 108 , 109 , 183 , 184 , 6 , 74 , 28 , 115 , 115 , 94 , 185 , 185 , 186 , 164 , 187 , 9 , 188 , 113 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 77 , 128 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 135 , 86 , 160 , 161 , 198 , 26 , 199 , 6 , 140 , 60 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 78 , 6 , 204 , 6 , 184 , 26 , 199 , 205 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 48 , 85 , 210 , 117 , 145 , 206 , 211 , 6 , 74 , 212 , 151 , 213 , 214 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 215 , 3R-BRAIN, AIBL, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Alzheimer’s Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators, CALM Team, Cam-CAN, CCNP, COBRE, cVEDA, ENIGMA Developmental Brain Age Working Group, Developing Human Connectome Project, FinnBrain, Harvard Aging Brain Study, IMAGEN, KNE96, The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, NSPN, POND, The PREVENT-AD Research Group, VETSA, 6 , 3 , 4 , 5
      Nature
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Neural ageing, Diseases of the nervous system, Cognitive neuroscience, Development of the nervous system

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          Abstract

          Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight 1 . Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories 2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones 3 , showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.

          Abstract

          MRI data from more than 100 studies have been aggregated to yield new insights about brain development and ageing, and create an interactive open resource for comparison of brain structures throughout the human lifespan, including those associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders.

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          Most cited references72

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          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data

          The UK Biobank project is a prospective cohort study with deep genetic and phenotypic data collected on approximately 500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40 and 69 at recruitment. The open resource is unique in its size and scope. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, including biological measurements, lifestyle indicators, biomarkers in blood and urine, and imaging of the body and brain. Follow-up information is provided by linking health and medical records. Genome-wide genotype data have been collected on all participants, providing many opportunities for the discovery of new genetic associations and the genetic bases of complex traits. Here we describe the centralized analysis of the genetic data, including genotype quality, properties of population structure and relatedness of the genetic data, and efficient phasing and genotype imputation that increases the number of testable variants to around 96 million. Classical allelic variation at 11 human leukocyte antigen genes was imputed, resulting in the recovery of signals with known associations between human leukocyte antigen alleles and many diseases.
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            • Article: not found

            An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest.

            In this study, we have assessed the validity and reliability of an automated labeling system that we have developed for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on magnetic resonance images into gyral based regions of interest (ROIs). Using a dataset of 40 MRI scans we manually identified 34 cortical ROIs in each of the individual hemispheres. This information was then encoded in the form of an atlas that was utilized to automatically label ROIs. To examine the validity, as well as the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the automated system, we used both intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and a new method known as mean distance maps, to assess the degree of mismatch between the manual and the automated sets of ROIs. When compared with the manual ROIs, the automated ROIs were highly accurate, with an average ICC of 0.835 across all of the ROIs, and a mean distance error of less than 1 mm. Intra- and inter-rater comparisons yielded little to no difference between the sets of ROIs. These findings suggest that the automated method we have developed for subdividing the human cerebral cortex into standard gyral-based neuroanatomical regions is both anatomically valid and reliable. This method may be useful for both morphometric and functional studies of the cerebral cortex as well as for clinical investigations aimed at tracking the evolution of disease-induced changes over time, including clinical trials in which MRI-based measures are used to examine response to treatment.
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              Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer's disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers.

              In 2010, we put forward a hypothetical model of the major biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The model was received with interest because we described the temporal evolution of AD biomarkers in relation to each other and to the onset and progression of clinical symptoms. Since then, evidence has accumulated that supports the major assumptions of this model. Evidence has also appeared that challenges some of our assumptions, which has allowed us to modify our original model. Refinements to our model include indexing of individuals by time rather than clinical symptom severity; incorporation of interindividual variability in cognitive impairment associated with progression of AD pathophysiology; modifications of the specific temporal ordering of some biomarkers; and recognition that the two major proteinopathies underlying AD biomarker changes, amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, might be initiated independently in sporadic AD, in which we hypothesise that an incident Aβ pathophysiology can accelerate antecedent limbic and brainstem tauopathy. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                rb643@medschl.cam.ac.uk
                jakob.seidlitz@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
                Journal
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                6 April 2022
                6 April 2022
                2022
                : 604
                : 7906
                : 525-533
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [2 ]Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [4 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [5 ]Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [6 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [7 ]MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [8 ]Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [9 ]Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
                [10 ]Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [11 ]Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [12 ]UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
                [13 ]Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
                [14 ]Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
                [15 ]Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
                [16 ]The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
                [17 ]University of Pinar del Río “Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca”, Pinar del Río, Cuba
                [18 ]MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [19 ]Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
                [20 ]Queen’s University, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario Canada
                [21 ]University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
                [22 ]Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
                [23 ]Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [24 ]Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
                [25 ]Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
                [26 ]Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
                [27 ]Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX USA
                [28 ]MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
                [29 ]Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [30 ]McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [31 ]McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [32 ]Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
                [33 ]Care Research and Technology Centre, Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
                [34 ]Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
                [35 ]Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [36 ]Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [37 ]Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
                [38 ]Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
                [39 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [40 ]Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
                [41 ]Dementia Research Centre (DRC), University College London, London, UK
                [42 ]Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
                [43 ]Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec Canada
                [44 ]Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [45 ]Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
                [46 ]Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
                [47 ]Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
                [48 ]Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [49 ]The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [50 ]Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
                [51 ]Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
                [52 ]Instituto Milenio Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
                [53 ]Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
                [54 ]Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [55 ]Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
                [56 ]Cerebral Imaging Centre, McGill Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada
                [57 ]Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
                [58 ]Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
                [59 ]Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
                [60 ]Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
                [61 ]Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
                [62 ]Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [63 ]Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
                [64 ]Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
                [65 ]Centre for the Developing Brain, King’s College London, London, UK
                [66 ]Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
                [67 ]MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
                [68 ]Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
                [69 ]Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT USA
                [70 ]Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
                [71 ]Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA USA
                [72 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [73 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
                [74 ]Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
                [75 ]Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
                [76 ]Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
                [77 ]Cuban Center for Neuroscience, La Habana, Cuba
                [78 ]Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
                [79 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
                [80 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
                [81 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
                [82 ]Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
                [83 ]Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
                [84 ]Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
                [85 ]Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [86 ]Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
                [87 ]Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [88 ]Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
                [89 ]Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
                [90 ]Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
                [91 ]Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
                [92 ]Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
                [93 ]Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
                [94 ]Université de Paris, Paris, France
                [95 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [96 ]Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
                [97 ]Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
                [98 ]Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
                [99 ]Radiology Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [100 ]The Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [101 ]Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [102 ]Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
                [103 ]Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [104 ]National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Beijing, China
                [105 ]Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                [106 ]Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
                [107 ]Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
                [108 ]Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
                [109 ]Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
                [110 ]Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
                [111 ]Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
                [112 ]Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY USA
                [113 ]Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
                [114 ]Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
                [115 ]Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
                [116 ]Queen’s University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario Canada
                [117 ]Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [118 ]Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [119 ]Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
                [120 ]Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
                [121 ]Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
                [122 ]Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
                [123 ]Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
                [124 ]Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
                [125 ]Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [126 ]Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
                [127 ]Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [128 ]The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
                [129 ]Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
                [130 ]Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
                [131 ]School of Biomedical Engineering and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
                [132 ]Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
                [133 ]Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
                [134 ]Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
                [135 ]McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [136 ]Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [137 ]Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
                [138 ]Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
                [139 ]Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [140 ]The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
                [141 ]Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
                [142 ]School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
                [143 ]Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
                [144 ]Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
                [145 ]Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [146 ]Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
                [147 ]Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [148 ]Lund University, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
                [149 ]Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
                [150 ]Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Poalo (UNIFESP), Sao Poalo, Brazil
                [151 ]National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
                [152 ]Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria Australia
                [153 ]Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
                [154 ]Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria Australia
                [155 ]Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
                [156 ]Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [157 ]Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [158 ]Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [159 ]Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
                [160 ]Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [161 ]Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [162 ]School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
                [163 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [164 ]Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [165 ]Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
                [166 ]Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
                [167 ]Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain
                [168 ]Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
                [169 ]Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [170 ]Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
                [171 ]National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil
                [172 ]Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
                [173 ]Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
                [174 ]Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
                [175 ]Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                [176 ]PONS-Centre, Charite Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
                [177 ]Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [178 ]Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [179 ]Dementia Research Centre, Queen’s Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
                [180 ]Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
                [181 ]Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
                [182 ]Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
                [183 ]SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [184 ]Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
                [185 ]Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [186 ]Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
                [187 ]Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [188 ]Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
                [189 ]Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
                [190 ]Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
                [191 ]Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
                [192 ]Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [193 ]Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain (AECRP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
                [194 ]Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
                [195 ]Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
                [196 ]Department of Psychiatry and Neurosychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
                [197 ]Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
                [198 ]Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
                [199 ]Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
                [200 ]State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [201 ]Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [202 ]National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
                [203 ]Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
                [204 ]Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [205 ]Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 ‘Obesity Mechanisms’, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
                [206 ]Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [207 ]Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [208 ]N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [209 ]Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [210 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [211 ]Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
                [212 ]Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
                [213 ]National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD USA
                [214 ]Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
                [215 ]Key Laboratory of Brain and Education, School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
                [216 ]Memory Disorders Clinic, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [217 ]University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
                [218 ]IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, The National Centre for Alzheimer’s and Mental Diseases, Brescia, Italy
                Article
                4554
                10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y
                9021021
                35388223
                6bae93e3-8d57-4da1-a49d-978239ee2dca
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 9 June 2021
                : 16 February 2022
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                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2022

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                neural ageing,diseases of the nervous system,cognitive neuroscience,development of the nervous system

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