Analytical and Theranostic Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Nanocomposites

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Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and GNP-based multifunctional nanocomposites are the subject of intensive studies and biomedical applications. This minireview summarizes our recent efforts in analytical and theranostic applications of engineered GNPs and nanocomposites by using plasmonic properties of GNPs and various optical techniques. Specifically, we consider analytical biosensing; visualization and bioimaging of bacterial, mammalian, and plant cells; photodynamic treatment of pathogenic bacteria; and photothermal therapy of xenografted tumors. In addition to recently published reports, we discuss new data on dot immunoassay diagnostics of mycobacteria , multiplexed immunoelectron microscopy analysis of Azospirillum brasilense, materno-embryonic transfer of GNPs in pregnant rats, and combined photodynamic and photothermal treatment of rat xenografted tumors with gold nanorods covered by a mesoporous silica shell doped with hematoporphyrin.

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Most cited references 73

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A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials.

C Mirkin, R Letsinger, R Mucic … (1996)

Colloidal particles of metals and semiconductors have potentially useful optical, optoelectronic and material properties that derive from their small (nanoscopic) size. These properties might lead to applications including chemical sensors, spectroscopic enhancers, quantum dot and nanostructure fabrication, and microimaging methods. A great deal of control can now be exercised over the chemical composition, size and polydispersity of colloidal particles, and many methods have been developed for assembling them into useful aggregates and materials. Here we describe a method for assembling colloidal gold nanoparticles rationally and reversibly into macroscopic aggregates. The method involves attaching to the surfaces of two batches of 13-nm gold particles non-complementary DNA oligonucleotides capped with thiol groups, which bind to gold. When we add to the solution an oligonucleotide duplex with 'sticky ends' that are complementary to the two grafted sequences, the nanoparticles self-assemble into aggregates. This assembly process can be reversed by thermal denaturation. This strategy should now make it possible to tailor the optical, electronic and structural properties of the colloidal aggregates by using the specificity of DNA interactions to direct the interactions between particles of different size and composition.

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Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer.

Ivan El-Sayed, Xiaohua Huang, Mostafa A El-Sayed (2005)

Gold nanoparticles with unique optical properties may be useful as biosensors in living whole cells. Using a simple and inexpensive technique, we recorded surface plasmon resonance (SPR) scattering images and SPR absorption spectra from both colloidal gold nanoparticles and from gold nanoparticles conjugated to monoclonal anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibodies after incubation in cell cultures with a nonmalignant epithelial cell line (HaCaT) and two malignant oral epithelial cell lines (HOC 313 clone 8 and HSC 3). Colloidal gold nanoparticles are found in dispersed and aggregated forms within the cell cytoplasm and provide anatomic labeling information, but their uptake is nonspecific for malignant cells. The anti-EGFR antibody conjugated nanoparticles specifically and homogeneously bind to the surface of the cancer type cells with 600% greater affinity than to the noncancerous cells. This specific and homogeneous binding is found to give a relatively sharper SPR absorption band with a red shifted maximum compared to that observed when added to the noncancerous cells. These results suggest that SPR scattering imaging or SPR absorption spectroscopy generated from antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles can be useful in molecular biosensor techniques for the diagnosis and investigation of oral epithelial living cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.

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Theranostic nanomedicine.

Twan Lammers, Silvio Aime, Wim E Hennink … (2011)

Nanomedicine formulations aim to improve the biodistribution and the target site accumulation of systemically administered (chemo)therapeutic agents. Many different types of nanomedicines have been evaluated over the years, including for instance liposomes, polymers, micelles and antibodies, and a significant amount of evidence has been obtained showing that these submicrometer-sized carrier materials are able to improve the balance between the efficacy and the toxicity of therapeutic interventions. Besides for therapeutic purposes, nanomedicine formulations have in recent years also been increasingly employed for imaging applications. Moreover, paralleled by advances in chemistry, biology, pharmacy, nanotechnology, medicine and imaging, several different systems have been developed in the last decade in which disease diagnosis and therapy are combined. These so-called (nano) theranostics contain both a drug and an imaging agent within a single formulation, and they can be used for various different purposes. In this Account, we summarize several exemplary efforts in this regard, and we show that theranostic nanomedicines are highly suitable systems for monitoring drug delivery, drug release and drug efficacy. The (pre)clinically most relevant applications of theranostic nanomedicines relate to their use for validating and optimizing the properties of drug delivery systems, and to their ability to be used for pre-screening patients and enabling personalized medicine. Regarding the former, the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic agents within a single formulation provides real-time feedback on the pharmacokinetics, the target site localization and the (off-target) healthy organ accumulation of nanomedicines. Various examples of this will be highlighted in this Account, illustrating that by non-invasively visualizing how well carrier materials are able to deliver pharmacologically active agents to the pathological site, and how well they are able to prevent them from accumulating in potentially endangered healthy tissues, important information can be obtained for optimizing the basic properties of drug delivery systems, as well as for improving the balance between the efficacy and the toxicity of targeted therapeutic interventions. Regarding personalized medicine, it can be reasoned that only in patients which show high levels of target site accumulation, and which respond well to the first couple of treatment cycles, targeted therapy should be continued, and that in those in which this is not the case, other therapeutic options should be considered. Based on these insights, we expect that ever more efforts will be invested in developing theranostic nanomedicines, and that these systems and strategies will contribute substantially to realizing the potential of personalized medicine.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Theranostics

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Theranostics

Journal ID (publisher-id): thno

Title: Theranostics

Publisher: Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )

ISSN (Electronic): 1838-7640

Publication date Collection: 2013

Publication date (Electronic): 20 February 2013

Volume: 3

Issue: 3

Pages: 167-180

Affiliations

1. Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), Russian Federation;

2. Saratov State University, Russian Federation;

3. Ulyanovsk State University, Russian Federation.

Author notes

✉ Corresponding author: khlebtsov@ 123456ibppm.sgu.ru (Nikolai Khlebtsov).

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Article

Publisher ID: thnov03p0167

DOI: 10.7150/thno.5716

PMC ID: 3590586

PubMed ID: 23471188

SO-VID: 6be46600-bdb9-4b6a-88d2-2a7cdc5aa302

Copyright © © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.

History

Date received : 15 December 2012

Date accepted : 22 January 2013

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Analytical and Theranostic Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Nanocomposites

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Abstract

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Network and Systems Medicine

Most cited references 73

A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials.

Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer.

Theranostic nanomedicine.

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Cited by 56

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