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      Unexpected Occurrence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Environmental Aeromonas spp.

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          Abstract

          Identification of plasmid-mediated qnr genes outside Enterobacteriaceae underlines a possible diffusion of those resistance determinants within gram-negative rods.

          Abstract

          We searched for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants of the Qnr type in several water samples collected at diverse locations from the Seine River (Paris, France). The qnrS2 genes were identified from Aeromonas punctata subsp. punctata and A. media. The qnrS2 gene was located on IncU-type plasmids in both isolates, which resulted in increased MIC values of quinolones and fluoroquinolones, once they were transferred into Escherichia coli. The qnrS2 gene identified in A. punctata was part of novel genetic structure corresponding to a mobile insertion cassette element. This identification of plasmid-mediated qnr genes outside Enterobacteriaceae underlines a possible diffusion of those resistance determinants within gram-negative rods.

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          The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.

          Ari Robicsek, George Jacoby, David Hooper (2006)
          Fluoroquinolone resistance is emerging in gram-negative pathogens worldwide. The traditional understanding that quinolone resistance is acquired only through mutation and transmitted only vertically does not entirely account for the relative ease with which resistance develops in exquisitely susceptible organisms, or for the very strong association between resistance to quinolones and to other agents. The recent discovery of plasmid-mediated horizontally transferable genes encoding quinolone resistance might shed light on these phenomena. The Qnr proteins, capable of protecting DNA gyrase from quinolones, have homologues in water-dwelling bacteria, and seem to have been in circulation for some time, having achieved global distribution in a variety of plasmid environments and bacterial genera. AAC(6')-Ib-cr, a variant aminoglycoside acetyltransferase capable of modifying ciprofloxacin and reducing its activity, seems to have emerged more recently, but might be even more prevalent than the Qnr proteins. Both mechanisms provide low-level quinolone resistance that facilitates the emergence of higher-level resistance in the presence of quinolones at therapeutic levels. Much remains to be understood about these genes, but their insidious promotion of substantial resistance, their horizontal spread, and their co-selection with other resistance elements indicate that a more cautious approach to quinolone use and a reconsideration of clinical breakpoints are needed.
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            Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection.

            Joaquim Ruiz (2003)
            Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, commonly used in both clinical and veterinary medicine. Their extensive use has resulted in bacteria rapidly developing resistance to these agents. Two mechanisms of quinolone resistance have been established to date: alterations in the targets of quinolones, and decreased accumulation due to impermeability of the membrane and/or an overexpression of efflux pump systems. Recently, mobile elements have also been described, carrying the qnr gene, which confers resistance to quinolones.
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              Resistance in the environment.

              K Kümmerer (2004)
              Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils. Antibiotics are released into the environment after their use in medicine, veterinary medicine and their employment as growth promoters in animal husbandry, fish farming and other fields. There is increasing concern about the growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the environment, and their ecotoxic effects. Increasingly, antibiotic resistance is seen as an ecological problem. This includes both the ecology of resistance genes and that of the resistant bacteria themselves. Little is known about the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and disinfectants on environmental bacteria, especially with respect to resistance. According to the present state of our knowledge, the impact on the frequency of resistance transfer by antibacterials present in the environment is questionable. The input of resistant bacteria into the environment seems to be an important source of resistance in the environment. The possible impact of resistant bacteria on the environment is not yet known. Further research into these issues is warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): February 2008
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 231-237
                Affiliations
                [* ]Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 914, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
                [† ]Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
                [‡ ]Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Patrice Nordmann, Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 914, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin -Bicêtre, France; email: nordmann.patrice@ 123456bct.ap-hop-paris.fr
                Article
                Publisher ID: 07-0677
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1402.070677
                PMC ID: 2600179
                PubMed ID: 18258115
                SO-VID: 6c0c5b1f-c205-4979-b5bb-6c3a23999d00
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: qnr,antibiotic resistance,aeromonas punctata subsp. punctata,qnrs,research,mobile insertion cassette,reservoir,aeromonas media
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: qnr, antibiotic resistance, aeromonas punctata subsp. punctata, qnrs, research, mobile insertion cassette, reservoir, aeromonas media

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