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      The antimicrobial effect behind Cannabis sativa

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          Abstract

          The development of multidrug‐resistant bacteria has revealed the need for new antimicrobial compounds. Cannabis sativa preparations have a long history of medical applications, including the treatment of infectious diseases. This review collects the information about the activity of C. sativa extracts and its main components (cannabinoids and terpenes) against pathogenic bacteria and fungus, to assess its potential using as antimicrobial agents.

          Abstract

          Cannabis sativa preparations have a long history of medical applications, including the treatment of infectious diseases. This review collects the information about the activity of C. sativa extracts and its main components (cannabinoids and terpenes) against pathogenic bacteria and fungus. All the data presented in this work suggests that cannabinoids and related compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity against clinically important bacteria in the search of new tools as potential antimicrobial agents.

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          Most cited references104

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          Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.

          Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7. © 2011 The Author. British Journal of Pharmacology © 2011 The British Pharmacological Society.
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            Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses.

            The optimism of the early period of antimicrobial discovery has been tempered by the emergence of bacterial strains with resistance to these therapeutics. Today, clinically important bacteria are characterized not only by single drug resistance but also by multiple antibiotic resistance--the legacy of past decades of antimicrobial use and misuse. Drug resistance presents an ever-increasing global public health threat that involves all major microbial pathogens and antimicrobial drugs.
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              Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lschofs@vet.unicen.edu.ar
                Journal
                Pharmacol Res Perspect
                Pharmacol Res Perspect
                10.1002/(ISSN)2052-1707
                PRP2
                Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2052-1707
                06 April 2021
                April 2021
                : 9
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/prp2.v9.2 )
                : e00761
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Laboratory of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil Argentina
                [ 2 ] Tandil Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Comisión de investigaciones científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA) Tandil Argentina
                [ 3 ] Clinical Department Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil Argentina
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Laureano Schofs, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires‐ CIVETAN‐ CONICET, Tandil 7000, Argentina.

                Email: lschofs@ 123456vet.unicen.edu.ar

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9598-6786
                Article
                PRP2761
                10.1002/prp2.761
                8023331
                33822478
                6c1fcb70-114a-4e6d-b55e-1220d2902214
                © 2021 The Authors. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by British Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 08 October 2020
                : 01 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 17, Words: 10330
                Categories
                Invited Review
                Invited Reviews
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                April 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.1 mode:remove_FC converted:06.04.2021

                antimicrobial activity,cannabinoids,cannabis sativa,terpenes

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