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      Roles of LncRNAs in Viral Infections

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          Abstract

          Many proteins and signaling pathways participate in anti-viral host responses. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a subset of non-coding RNAs greater than 200 nucleotides in length, have been recently described as critical regulators in viral infections. Accumulating research indicates that lncRNAs are important in the development and progression of infectious diseases. LncRNAs are not only involved in anti-viral responses, but in many different virus-host interactions, some of which may be beneficial to the virus. Here we review the current knowledge regarding host and viral lncRNAs and their roles in viral infections. In addition, the potential of using lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers is discussed.

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          Most cited references58

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          Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes.

          Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) regulate chromatin states and epigenetic inheritance. Here, we show that the lincRNA HOTAIR serves as a scaffold for at least two distinct histone modification complexes. A 5' domain of HOTAIR binds polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), whereas a 3' domain of HOTAIR binds the LSD1/CoREST/REST complex. The ability to tether two distinct complexes enables RNA-mediated assembly of PRC2 and LSD1 and coordinates targeting of PRC2 and LSD1 to chromatin for coupled histone H3 lysine 27 methylation and lysine 4 demethylation. Our results suggest that lincRNAs may serve as scaffolds by providing binding surfaces to assemble select histone modification enzymes, thereby specifying the pattern of histone modifications on target genes.
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            Diversifying microRNA sequence and function.

            MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of most genes in animals, but we are only now beginning to understand how they are generated, assembled into functional complexes and destroyed. Various mechanisms have now been identified that regulate miRNA stability and that diversify miRNA sequences to create distinct isoforms. The production of different isoforms of individual miRNAs in specific cells and tissues may have broader implications for miRNA-mediated gene expression control. Rigorously testing the many discrepant models for how miRNAs function using quantitative biochemical measurements made in vivo and in vitro remains a major challenge for the future.
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              A long noncoding RNA mediates both activation and repression of immune response genes.

              An inducible program of inflammatory gene expression is central to antimicrobial defenses. This response is controlled by a collaboration involving signal-dependent activation of transcription factors, transcriptional co-regulators, and chromatin-modifying factors. We have identified a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that acts as a key regulator of this inflammatory response. Pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptors induce the expression of numerous lncRNAs. One of these, lincRNA-Cox2, mediates both the activation and repression of distinct classes of immune genes. Transcriptional repression of target genes is dependent on interactions of lincRNA-Cox2 with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B and A2/B1. Collectively, these studies unveil a central role of lincRNA-Cox2 as a broad-acting regulatory component of the circuit that controls the inflammatory response.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2235-2988
                26 May 2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 205
                Affiliations
                Avian infectious Department, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Shanghai, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Luka Cicin-Sain, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Germany

                Reviewed by: Michael Nevels, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom; Stephen Noel Waggoner, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States

                *Correspondence: Chan Ding shoveldeen@ 123456shvri.ac.cn
                Article
                10.3389/fcimb.2017.00205
                5445353
                28603696
                6c2efbe4-4e4c-49b0-9119-0bf8dba3d239
                Copyright © 2017 Liu and Ding.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 08 March 2017
                : 08 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 105, Pages: 10, Words: 7886
                Funding
                Funded by: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 10.13039/501100005196
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Mini Review

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                long non-coding rnas,virus infection,cellular lncrnas,virus-encoded lncrnas,cell-virus interaction

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