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      Vancomycin‐Induced Kidney Injury: Animal Models of Toxicodynamics, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Translation, and Potential Strategies for Prevention

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          Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america.

          This document updates and expands the initial Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Fever and Neutropenia Guideline that was published in 1997 and first updated in 2002. It is intended as a guide for the use of antimicrobial agents in managing patients with cancer who experience chemotherapy-induced fever and neutropenia. Recent advances in antimicrobial drug development and technology, clinical trial results, and extensive clinical experience have informed the approaches and recommendations herein. Because the previous iteration of this guideline in 2002, we have a developed a clearer definition of which populations of patients with cancer may benefit most from antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral prophylaxis. Furthermore, categorizing neutropenic patients as being at high risk or low risk for infection according to presenting signs and symptoms, underlying cancer, type of therapy, and medical comorbidities has become essential to the treatment algorithm. Risk stratification is a recommended starting point for managing patients with fever and neutropenia. In addition, earlier detection of invasive fungal infections has led to debate regarding optimal use of empirical or preemptive antifungal therapy, although algorithms are still evolving. What has not changed is the indication for immediate empirical antibiotic therapy. It remains true that all patients who present with fever and neutropenia should be treated swiftly and broadly with antibiotics to treat both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Finally, we note that all Panel members are from institutions in the United States or Canada; thus, these guidelines were developed in the context of North American practices. Some recommendations may not be as applicable outside of North America, in areas where differences in available antibiotics, in the predominant pathogens, and/or in health care-associated economic conditions exist. Regardless of venue, clinical vigilance and immediate treatment are the universal keys to managing neutropenic patients with fever and/or infection.
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            Lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cell death.

            Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) constitutes one of the major checkpoint(s) of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Recently, the permeabilization of yet another organelle, the lysosome, has been shown to initiate a cell death pathway, in specific circumstances. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) causes the release of cathepsins and other hydrolases from the lysosomal lumen to the cytosol. LMP is induced by a plethora of distinct stimuli including reactive oxygen species, lysosomotropic compounds with detergent activity, as well as some endogenous cell death effectors such as Bax. LMP is a potentially lethal event because the ectopic presence of lysosomal proteases in the cytosol causes digestion of vital proteins and the activation of additional hydrolases including caspases. This latter process is usually mediated indirectly, through a cascade in which LMP causes the proteolytic activation of Bid (which is cleaved by the two lysosomal cathepsins B and D), which then induces MOMP, resulting in cytochrome c release and apoptosome-dependent caspase activation. However, massive LMP often results in cell death without caspase activation; this cell death may adopt a subapoptotic or necrotic appearance. The regulation of LMP is perturbed in cancer cells, suggesting that specific strategies for LMP induction might lead to novel therapeutic avenues.
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              Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A revised consensus guideline and review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy
                Pharmacotherapy
                Wiley
                0277-0008
                1875-9114
                May 2020
                May 04 2020
                May 2020
                : 40
                : 5
                : 438-454
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacy Practice Chicago College of Pharmacy Midwestern University Downers Grove Illinois
                [2 ]Pharmacometrics Center of Excellence Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy Downers Grove Illinois
                [3 ]Chicago College of Pharmacy Midwestern University Downers Grove Illinois
                [4 ]Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, UNMC Omaha Nebraska
                [5 ]College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska
                [6 ]Division of Infectious Diseases The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
                [7 ]Department of Pediatrics The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
                [8 ]Division of Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
                Article
                10.1002/phar.2388
                32239518
                6c6ee81d-a422-4d56-9a64-9345b49c5cbd
                © 2020

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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