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      Recent Advances in the Detection of Neurotransmitters

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      Chemosensors
      MDPI AG

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          Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene.

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            Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology.

            The synucleinopathy, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, is a multisystem disorder that involves only a few predisposed nerve cell types in specific regions of the human nervous system. The intracerebral formation of abnormal proteinaceous Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites begins at defined induction sites and advances in a topographically predictable sequence. As the disease progresses, components of the autonomic, limbic, and somatomotor systems become particularly badly damaged. During presymptomatic stages 1-2, inclusion body pathology is confined to the medulla oblongata/pontine tegmentum and olfactory bulb/anterior olfactory nucleus. In stages 3-4, the substantia nigra and other nuclear grays of the midbrain and forebrain become the focus of initially slight and, then, severe pathological changes. At this point, most individuals probably cross the threshold to the symptomatic phase of the illness. In the end-stages 5-6, the process enters the mature neocortex, and the disease manifests itself in all of its clinical dimensions.
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              Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways.

              Drugs of abuse are very powerful reinforcers, and even in conditions of limited access (where the organism is not dependent) these drugs will motivate high rates of operant responding. This presumed hedonic property and the drugs' neuropharmacological specificity provide a means of studying the neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy of brain reward. Three major brain systems appear to be involved in drug reward--dopamine, opioid and GABA. Evidence suggests a midbrain-forebrain-extrapyramidal circuit with its focus in the nucleus accumbens. Data implicating dopamine and opioid systems in indirect sympathomimetic and opiate reward include critical elements in both the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas. Ethanol reward appears to depend on an interaction with the GABAA receptor complex but may also involve common elements such as dopamine and opioid peptides in this midbrain-forebrain-extrapyramidal circuit. These results suggest that brain reward systems have a multidetermined neuropharmacological basis that may involve some common neuroanatomical elements.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                CHEMO9
                Chemosensors
                Chemosensors
                MDPI AG
                2227-9040
                March 2018
                January 04 2018
                : 6
                : 1
                : 1
                Article
                10.3390/chemosensors6010001
                6c71beb8-8cac-4378-b1ad-0b9fd363e3c8
                © 2018

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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