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Abstract

The aims of the study were to examine the (a) participation, (b) difference in running times between the sexes, and (c) age-related decline in the running times of ultramarathoner women and men competing in the Swiss Alpine Marathon from 1998 to 2011. The ultramarathoners competing in the Swiss Alpine Marathon were analyzed in terms of participation, difference in running times between the sexes, age of the fastest runners, and age-related decline in the fastest running times. The race covers a distance of 78 km, with a total altitude change of approximately 2260 m. A total of 12,194 men and 1781 women finished the race between 1998 and 2011. Women's participation increased from approximately 10% in 1998 to approximately 16% in 2011 (r(2) = 0.57; P = 0.001), but participation remained unchanged in men (r(2) = 0.17; P > 0.05). Over the years, the top ten women showed no change in running times (r(2) = 0.02; P > 0.05), whereas the top ten men's running times increased (r(2) = 0.46; P < 0.01). The age for peak running times increased over time both for the top ten women (r(2) = 0.58; P < 0.01) and for the top ten men (r(2) = 0.40; P = 0.01). Among the top women, participation increased, the age for peak running times increased, and the running times remained unchanged. Among the men, however, the participation remained steady, and both the peak running-time age and the running times increased.

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Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America.

Martin Hoffman, June Ong, Gary Wang (2010)

Participation trends in 100 m (161 km) ultramarathon running competitions in North America were examined from race results from 1977 through 2008. A total of 32, 352 finishes accounted for by 9815 unique individuals were identified. The annual number of races and number of finishes increased exponentially over the study period. This growth in number of finishes occurred through a combination of (1) an increase in participation among runners >40 years of age from less than 40% of the finishes prior to the mid-1980s to 65-70% of the finishes since 1996, (2) a growth (p < 0.0001) in participation among women from virtually none in the late 1970s to nearly 20% since 2004, and (3) an increase in the average annual number of races completed by each individual to 1.3. While there has been considerable growth in participation, the 161 km ultramarathon continues to attract a relatively small number of participants compared with running races of shorter distances.

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Factors related to successful completion of a 161-km ultramarathon.

Donald D. Hoffman, Kevin Fogard (2011)

Despite increased 161-km ultramarathon participation in recent years, little is known about those who pursue such an activity. This study surveyed entrants in two of the largest 161-km trail ultramarathon runs in North America to explore demographic characteristics and issues that affected race performance. All entries of the 2009 Western States Endurance Run and the Vermont 100 Endurance Race were invited to complete a postrace questionnaire. There were 500 respondents among the 701 race entries (71.3% response). Finish time was found to have a significant (P ≤ .01) negative association with training volume and was generally directly associated with body mass index. Among nonfinishers, the primary reason for dropping out was nausea and/or vomiting (23.0%). Finishers compared with nonfinishers were more likely (P ≤ .02) to report blisters (40.1% vs 17.3%), muscle pain (36.5% vs 20.1%), and exhaustion (23.1% vs 13.7%) as adversely affecting race performance, but nausea and/or vomiting was similar between groups (36.8% vs 39.6%). Nausea and/or vomiting was no more common among those using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), those participating in the event with higher ambient temperatures, those with a lower training volume, or those with less experience at finishing 161-km races. Overall use of NSAIDs was high, and greater (P = .006) among finishers (60.5%) than nonfinishers (46.4%). From this study, we conclude that primary performance-limiting issues in 161-km ultramarathons include nausea and/or vomiting, blisters, and muscle pain, and there is a disturbingly high use of NSAIDs in these events.

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The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run: participation and performance trends.

Jacob A. Wegelin, Donald D. Hoffman (2009)

Examine changes in demographics of participants and performance trends at the Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run (WSER) since its inception in 1974. Name, age, sex, and finish information was obtained on runners in the WSER from 1974 to 2007. Linear regression analyses, ANOVA, and t-tests were used to examine participation and performance trends. The mean age of participants increased (P or=40 yr and men >or=50 yr, and by the decreasing participation among men <50 yr. Between 1986 and 2007, there was an increasing participation among women to around 20% of all starters. With this came improved (P < 0.01) finish times for the top 5 overall women and the top 5 women in the 30-39 and 40-49 yr age groups, whereas performances among the men did not improve over this time span. Average ages of the top performers increased (P