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      Plague: Past, Present, and Future

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          Abstract

          The authors argue that plague should be taken much more seriously by the international health community.

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          Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.

          J. Parkhill, B W Wren, N. R. Thomson … (2001)
          The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the systemic invasive infectious disease classically referred to as plague, and has been responsible for three human pandemics: the Justinian plague (sixth to eighth centuries), the Black Death (fourteenth to nineteenth centuries) and modern plague (nineteenth century to the present day). The recent identification of strains resistant to multiple drugs and the potential use of Y. pestis as an agent of biological warfare mean that plague still poses a threat to human health. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Y. pestis strain CO92, consisting of a 4.65-megabase (Mb) chromosome and three plasmids of 96.2 kilobases (kb), 70.3 kb and 9.6 kb. The genome is unusually rich in insertion sequences and displays anomalies in GC base-composition bias, indicating frequent intragenomic recombination. Many genes seem to have been acquired from other bacteria and viruses (including adhesins, secretion systems and insecticidal toxins). The genome contains around 150 pseudogenes, many of which are remnants of a redundant enteropathogenic lifestyle. The evidence of ongoing genome fluidity, expansion and decay suggests Y. pestis is a pathogen that has undergone large-scale genetic flux and provides a unique insight into the ways in which new and highly virulent pathogens evolve.
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            Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

            Peter Hotez, David H. Molyneux, Alan Fenwick … (2006)
            Hotez et al. argue that achieving success in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria may well require a concurrent attack on the neglected tropical diseases.
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              The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium.

              Kerstin S Treydte, Gerhard Schleser, Gerhard Helle … (2006)
              Twentieth-century warming could lead to increases in the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere, altering the hydrological cycle and the characteristics of precipitation. Such changes in the global rate and distribution of precipitation may have a greater direct effect on human well-being and ecosystem dynamics than changes in temperature itself. Despite the co-variability of both of these climate variables, attention in long-term climate reconstruction has mainly concentrated on temperature changes. Here we present an annually resolved oxygen isotope record from tree-rings, providing a millennial-scale reconstruction of precipitation variability in the high mountains of northern Pakistan. The climatic signal originates mainly from winter precipitation, and is robust over ecologically different sites. Centennial-scale variations reveal dry conditions at the beginning of the past millennium and through the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with precipitation increasing during the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries to yield the wettest conditions of the past 1,000 years. Comparison with other long-term precipitation reconstructions indicates a large-scale intensification of the hydrological cycle coincident with the onset of industrialization and global warming, and the unprecedented amplitude argues for a human role.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pmed
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plme
                Journal ID (pmc): plosmed
                Title: PLoS Medicine
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1549-1277
                ISSN (Electronic): 1549-1676
                Publication date (Print): January 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 January 2008
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e3
                Author notes
                * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: n.c.stenseth@ 123456bio.uio.no
                Article
                Publisher ID: 06-PLME-ND-0545R3
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050003
                PMC ID: 2194748
                PubMed ID: 18198939
                SO-VID: 6ccfbf54-ec2f-4361-a5d8-e2327331a0c6
                Copyright © Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
                History
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Neglected Diseases
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Public Health and Epidemiology
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medicine in Developing Countries
                Subject: International Health
                Subject: Public Health
                Custom metadata
                citation Stenseth NC, Atshabar BB, Begon M, Belmain SR, Bertherat E, et al. (2008) Plague: Past, present, and future. PLoS Med 5(1): e3. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050003

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

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