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      Antihypertensive Prescribing for Uncomplicated, Incident Hypertension: Opportunities for Cost Savings

      research-article
      , PhD a , , PhD a , b , , BscPharm, PhD a , b , , MA c , , MSc c , , MD, MPH a , b , c , , MD, MPH a , b , d , , MD, MSc a , b , c , , PhD a ,
      CJC Open
      Elsevier

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          Abstract

          Background

          A range of first-line similarly effective medications ranging in price are recommended for treating uncomplicated hypertension. Considering drug costs alone, thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics are the most cost-efficient option. We determined incident prescribing of thiazides for newly diagnosed hypertension as first-line treatment in Alberta, factors that predicted receiving thiazides vs more costly medications, and how much could be saved if more patients were prescribed thiazides.

          Methods

          Using a retrospective cohort design, factors predicting receiving thiazides vs other agents were determined using mixed effects logistic regression. Cost savings were simulated by shifting patients from other antihypertensive medications to thiazides and calculating the difference.

          Results

          Within our cohort of 89,548 adults, only 12% received thiazides as first-line treatment whereas 44% received angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, 17% received angiotensin receptor blockers, 16% received calcium channel blockers, and 10% received β-blockers. Antihypertensive medications were typically prescribed by office-based, general practitioners (88%). Being male and receiving a prescription from a physician with ≥ 20 years of practice and a high clinical workload were associated with increased odds of receiving nonthiazides. In the extreme case that all patients received thiazides as their first prescription, spending would have been reduced by a maximum of 95% (CAD$1.8 million).

          Conclusions

          Only 12% of Albertan adults with incident, uncomplicated hypertension were prescribed thiazides as first-line treatment. With the opportunity for drug cost savings, future research should evaluate the risk of adverse events and side effects across the drug classes and whether the costs associated with managing those risks could offset the savings achieved through increased thiazide use.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          De nombreux médicaments tous aussi efficaces les uns que les autres, mais de prix variable, sont recommandés pour le traitement de première intention de l’hypertension non compliquée. Si l’on tient compte du coût du médicament seulement, les thiazides et les diurétiques apparentés aux thiazides sont les options les plus économiques. Nous avons évalué le taux de prescription d’un thiazide pour le traitement de première intention de l’hypertension nouvellement diagnostiquée en Alberta, les facteurs de prédiction de la prescription d’un thiazide plutôt que d’un autre médicament plus coûteux, ainsi que les économies qui pourraient être réalisées si on prescrivait un thiazide à un plus grand nombre de patients.

          Méthodologie

          Dans le cadre de notre étude de cohorte rétrospective, nous avons déterminé les facteurs de prédiction de la prescription d’un thiazide plutôt que d’un autre agent à l’aide d’une régression logistique à effets mixtes. Nous avons simulé les économies qui pourraient être réalisées en faisant passer à un thiazide les patients à qui un autre médicament antihypertenseur a été prescrit et en calculant la différence.

          Résultats

          Dans notre cohorte de 89 548 adultes, seulement 12 % des patients ont reçu un thiazide en première intention; 44 % ont reçu un inhibiteur de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine; 17 %, un antagoniste des récepteurs de l’angiotensine; 16 %, un inhibiteur calcique; et 10 %, des bêtabloquants. Les agents antihypertenseurs sont généralement prescrits par des omnipraticiens en cabinet (88 %). Le fait d’être un homme et le fait d’obtenir une prescription auprès d’un médecin exerçant depuis au moins 20 ans et ayant une lourde charge de travail clinique étaient associés à une probabilité supérieure de recevoir un agent autre qu’un thiazide. Dans le cas extrême où tous les patients se verraient prescrire un thiazide en première intention, la réduction des dépenses pourrait atteindre 95 % (soit 1,8 million de dollars canadiens).

          Conclusions

          En Alberta, un thiazide a été prescrit en première intention à seulement 12 % des adultes venant de recevoir un diagnostic d’hypertension non compliquée. Compte tenu des économies qui pourraient être réalisées si un thiazide était prescrit dans ce contexte, il conviendrait d’effectuer des recherches plus poussées pour évaluer le risque de manifestations indésirables et d’effets secondaires associé aux différentes classes de médicaments, et pour déterminer si les coûts liés à la prise en charge de ce risque annuleraient les économies réalisées en augmentant le recours aux thiazides.

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          Most cited references43

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          A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control

          New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), 2103-2116
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            Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)

            Antihypertensive therapy is well established to reduce hypertension-related morbidity and mortality, but the optimal first-step therapy is unknown.
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              Hypertension Canada’s 2018 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children

              Hypertension Canada provides annually updated, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. This year, the adult and pediatric guidelines are combined in one document. The new 2018 pregnancy-specific hypertension guidelines are published separately. For 2018, 5 new guidelines are introduced, and 1 existing guideline on the blood pressure thresholds and targets in the setting of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is revised. The use of validated wrist devices for the estimation of blood pressure in individuals with large arm circumference is now included. Guidance is provided for the follow-up measurements of blood pressure, with the use of standardized methods and electronic (oscillometric) upper arm devices in individuals with hypertension, and either ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or home blood pressure monitoring in individuals with white coat effect. We specify that all individuals with hypertension should have an assessment of global cardiovascular risk to promote health behaviours that lower blood pressure. Finally, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor combination should be used in place of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in individuals with heart failure (with ejection fraction < 40%) who are symptomatic despite appropriate doses of guideline-directed heart failure therapies. The specific evidence and rationale underlying each of these guidelines are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                Elsevier
                2589-790X
                20 January 2021
                June 2021
                20 January 2021
                : 3
                : 6
                : 703-713
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [b ]O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [c ]Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [d ]Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author: Dr Reed F. Beall, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, 3rd Floor, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada. Tel.: +1-403-210-7452; fax: +1-403-270-7307. reed.beall@ 123456ucalgary.ca
                Article
                S2589-790X(21)00005-6
                10.1016/j.cjco.2020.12.026
                8209399
                34169249
                6cecaf48-cfe6-4e68-ba83-df3c1dee0f72
                © 2021 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 29 October 2020
                : 10 December 2020
                Categories
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