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      Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape composition

      research-article
      a , 1 , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , f , m , n , o , p , q , r , f , s , t , u , k , v , w , p , x , y , z , aa , m , bb , cc , dd , ee , ff , f , gg , hh , ii , jj , kk , ll , mm , nn , oo , pp , qq , rr , ss , tt , uu , vv , o , ww , xx , yy , zz , aaa , g , bbb , ccc , ddd , oo , eee , fff , ggg , hhh , t , qq , o , gg , ddd , iii , jjj , kkk , ggg , lll , tt , mmm , nnn , ooo , jjj , ppp , qqq , f , rrr , sss , ttt , nn , uuu , vvv , www , xxx , yyy , zzz , aaaa , bbbb , cccc , dddd , eeee , lll , ffff , gggg , hhhh , iiii , jjjj , kkkk , o , f , bbb , ddd , llll , ooo , mmm , gg , mmmm , ttt , ww , nnnn , oooo , pppp , mmm , llll , h , qqqq , mmm , rrrr , dddd , d , mmmm , ssss , tttt , uuuu , vvvv , ggg , wwww , xxxx , m , yyyy , zzzz , aaaaa , t , bbbbb , ccccc , ddddd , eeeee , fffff , ww , ww , nnnn , ggggg , hhhhh , iiiii , jjjjj , kkkkk , lllll
      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
      National Academy of Sciences
      agroecology, biodiversity, biological control, ecosystem services, natural enemies

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          Significance

          Decades of research have fostered the now-prevalent assumption that noncrop habitat facilitates better pest suppression by providing shelter and food resources to the predators and parasitoids of crop pests. Based on our analysis of the largest pest-control database of its kind, noncrop habitat surrounding farm fields does affect multiple dimensions of pest control, but the actual responses of pests and enemies are highly variable across geographies and cropping systems. Because noncrop habitat often does not enhance biological control, more information about local farming contexts is needed before habitat conservation can be recommended as a viable pest-suppression strategy. Consequently, when pest control does not benefit from noncrop vegetation, farms will need to be carefully comanaged for competing conservation and production objectives.

          Abstract

          The idea that noncrop habitat enhances pest control and represents a win–win opportunity to conserve biodiversity and bolster yields has emerged as an agroecological paradigm. However, while noncrop habitat in landscapes surrounding farms sometimes benefits pest predators, natural enemy responses remain heterogeneous across studies and effects on pests are inconclusive. The observed heterogeneity in species responses to noncrop habitat may be biological in origin or could result from variation in how habitat and biocontrol are measured. Here, we use a pest-control database encompassing 132 studies and 6,759 sites worldwide to model natural enemy and pest abundances, predation rates, and crop damage as a function of landscape composition. Our results showed that although landscape composition explained significant variation within studies, pest and enemy abundances, predation rates, crop damage, and yields each exhibited different responses across studies, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing in landscapes with more noncrop habitat but overall showing no consistent trend. Thus, models that used landscape-composition variables to predict pest-control dynamics demonstrated little potential to explain variation across studies, though prediction did improve when comparing studies with similar crop and landscape features. Overall, our work shows that surrounding noncrop habitat does not consistently improve pest management, meaning habitat conservation may bolster production in some systems and depress yields in others. Future efforts to develop tools that inform farmers when habitat conservation truly represents a win–win would benefit from increased understanding of how landscape effects are modulated by local farm management and the biology of pests and their enemies.

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          Most cited references41

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          • Abstract: not found
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          Organization of a Plant-Arthropod Association in Simple and Diverse Habitats: The Fauna of Collards (Brassica Oleracea)

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            Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000

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              Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.

              Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes can be increased with conversion of some production lands into 'more-natural'- unmanaged or extensively managed - lands. However, it remains unknown to what extent biodiversity can be enhanced by altering landscape pattern without reducing agricultural production. We propose a framework for this problem, considering separately compositional heterogeneity (the number and proportions of different cover types) and configurational heterogeneity (the spatial arrangement of cover types). Cover type classification and mapping is based on species requirements, such as feeding and nesting, resulting in measures of 'functional landscape heterogeneity'. We then identify three important questions: does biodiversity increase with (1) increasing heterogeneity of the more-natural areas, (2) increasing compositional heterogeneity of production cover types and (3) increasing configurational heterogeneity of production cover types? We discuss approaches for addressing these questions. Such studies should have high priority because biodiversity protection globally depends increasingly on maintaining biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
                Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
                pnas
                pnas
                PNAS
                Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
                National Academy of Sciences
                0027-8424
                1091-6490
                14 August 2018
                2 August 2018
                2 August 2018
                : 115
                : 33
                : E7863-E7870
                Affiliations
                [1] aDepartment of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis , CA 95616;
                [2] bNatural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94618;
                [3] cNational Audubon Society , Boulder, CO 80305;
                [4] dDepartment of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg , 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
                [5] eBiodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bioversity International , 34397 Montpellier, France;
                [6] fDepartment of Entomology, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853;
                [7] gDepartment of Entomology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI 53706;
                [8] hDepartment of Entomology, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742;
                [9] iBren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara , CA 93106-5131;
                [10] jTropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) , Turrialba, Costa Rica 30501;
                [11] kDepartment of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061;
                [12] lInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) , UMR 1065 SAVE, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
                [13] mDepartment of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
                [14] nDepartment of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis , CA 95616;
                [15] oCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
                [16] pAgroecology, University of Goettingen , 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
                [17] qBio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University , Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
                [18] rEnvironment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute , Washington, DC 20005;
                [19] sDepartment of Biology, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003;
                [20] tAgroecology and Environment, Agroscope , CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland;
                [21] uINRA, UMR 0980 BAGAP , F-35042 Rennes, France;
                [22] vDepartment of Biology and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi , 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan;
                [23] wFrench Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), UPR Bioagresseurs Analyse et Maîtrise du Risque , F-34398 Montpellier, France;
                [24] xWageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research , 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
                [25] yFarming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research , 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;
                [26] zDepartment of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg , 03046 Cottbus, Germany;
                [27] aaDepartment of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802;
                [28] bbDepartment of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research , Corpus Christi, TX 78406;
                [29] ccArthropods Department, Natural Sciences Museum of Barcelona , 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
                [30] ddDepartment of Entomology, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721-0036;
                [31] eeDepartamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Brazil 74690-900;
                [32] ffDepartment of Biology, Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , E28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;
                [33] ggFaculty of Biology, University of Belgrade , 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
                [34] hhSchool of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom;
                [35] iiINRA, UMR AGIR , Toulouse-Occitanie, Chemin de Borderouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
                [36] jjDepartment of Entomology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
                [37] kkDepartment of Plant and Soil Science, The University of Vermont , Burlington, VT 05405;
                [38] llFaculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open Universiteit , 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands;
                [39] mmINRA, University of Côte d’Azur , CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France;
                [40] nnDepartment of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University , 35392 Giessen, Germany;
                [41] ooDepartment of Landscape Ecology, Kiel University , D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
                [42] ppBiometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg , D-79106 Freiburg, Germany;
                [43] qqDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN 55108;
                [44] rrInstitute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , D-76829 Landau, Germany;
                [45] ssDepartment of Biology Education, Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (IPN) at Kiel University , 24118 Kiel, Germany;
                [46] ttUR1115 Plantes et Système de Cultures Horticoles, INRA, F-84000 Avignon, France;
                [47] uuCentre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom;
                [48] vvInstitute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1180 Vienna, Austria;
                [49] wwCentre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom;
                [50] xxKey Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 100193 Beijing, China;
                [51] yyDepartment of Entomology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY 40546;
                [52] zzStatewide IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center , Parlier, CA 93648;
                [53] aaaWorld Agroforestry Center , Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
                [54] bbbCharles Sturt University , Orange, NSW 2800, Australia;
                [55] cccEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
                [56] dddDepartment of Entomology, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN 55108;
                [57] eeeDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27605-7630;
                [58] fffInstituto Nacional de Biodiversidad–INABIO & Facultad de Ciencias Agícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador , Quito 170129, Ecuador;
                [59] gggDepartment of Entomology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48912;
                [60] hhhMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries , Phnom Penh 255 370, Cambodia;
                [61] iiiDepartment of Biology & Environment, University of Haifa–Oranim , 36006 Tivon, Israel;
                [62] jjjGreat Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI 53726;
                [63] kkkDepartment of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa , 3498838 Haifa, Israel;
                [64] lllLaboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca , Talca 3465548, Chile;
                [65] mmmUMR IGEPP, Agrocampus–Ouest , F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France;
                [66] nnnForest and Range Land Plant Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute , 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
                [67] oooDepartment of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz , CA 95060;
                [68] pppInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 100193 Beijing, China;
                [69] qqqBlaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel;
                [70] rrrDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna , 1030 Vienna, Austria;
                [71] sssOffice of Environmental Farming and Innovation, California Department of Food and Agriculture , Sacramento, CA 95814;
                [72] tttDepartment of Crop & Forest Sciences, Agrotecnio Centre, Universitat de Lleida , 25198 Lleida, Spain;
                [73] uuuUMR Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, University of Rennes 1 , F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France;
                [74] vvvDepartment of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova , 35020 Padua, Italy;
                [75] wwwNariño, Corpoica, Centro de Investigación Obonuco , 520003 Pasto, Colombia;
                [76] xxxDepartment of Biology, McDaniel College , Westminster, MD 21157;
                [77] yyyPerformance of Tropical Production and Processing Systems, CIRAD , UPR 115 AIDA, TA B-115/02, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;
                [78] zzzInstitute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
                [79] aaaaDepartment of Ecosystem Studies, School of Agriculture & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan;
                [80] bbbbInstituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires , CONICET, C1417DSE CABA, Argentina;
                [81] ccccCentro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte , Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
                [82] ddddEntomology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011;
                [83] eeeeRegional Agricultural Research and Development Center , Southern Branch, Besor 85400, Israel;
                [84] ffffSchool of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
                [85] ggggDepartment for Aquatic Resources, Swedish Agricultural University , 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden;
                [86] hhhhUMR Dyanfor (INRA-INPT), Université de Toulouse , 31326 Auzeville Tolosane, France;
                [87] iiiiDepartment of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , State College, PA 16801;
                [88] jjjjDepartamento de Protección Ambiental, Estación Experimental de Zaidín (CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain;
                [89] kkkkOffice of National Programs, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville, MD 20705;
                [90] llllAgroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France;
                [91] mmmmInstitute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern , CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
                [92] nnnnNERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom;
                [93] ooooDepartment of Entomology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77845;
                [94] ppppNorthern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service , Sidney, MT 59270;
                [95] qqqqINRA AGIR, University of Toulouse , INPT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
                [96] rrrrChair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg , 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
                [97] ssssDepartment of Entomology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210;
                [98] ttttCentre for Environmental & Climate Research, Lund University , 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
                [99] uuuuEnvironmental Science Program, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623;
                [100] vvvvCentre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) , 2800 Delémont, Switzerland;
                [101] wwwwInstitute for Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem Services, The University of Tokyo , 188-0002 Tokyo, Japan;
                [102] xxxxForestry and Forest Products Research Institute , Tsukuba, 305-8687 Ibaraki, Japan;
                [103] yyyyDepartment of BioSciences, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
                [104] zzzzUMR IGEPP, Agrocampus–Ouest , F-49045 Angers Cedex 1, France;
                [105] aaaaaDepartment of Practaculture, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University , 750021 Yinchuan, China;
                [106] bbbbbUMR 0211 INRA AgroParisTech Agronomie , 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France;
                [107] cccccInstitute for Agricultural Environment , Phu Do Ward 100000, Vietnam;
                [108] dddddCentre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research , 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
                [109] eeeeeDepartment of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844-1136;
                [110] fffffMichigan State University Extension , Hart, MI 49420;
                [111] gggggCGIAR Program on Roots, Tubers and Banana (CRP-RTB), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) , Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
                [112] hhhhhSchool for Biological Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
                [113] iiiiiInstitute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University , 330045 Nanchang, China;
                [114] jjjjjNational Agriculture and Food Research Organisation , 305-8517 Tsukuba, Japan;
                [115] kkkkkFukusima Branch, National Institute for Environmental Studies , 963-770 Fukushima, Japan;
                [116] lllllDepartment of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong–Liverpool University , 215123 Suzhou, China
                Author notes
                1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: dkarp@ 123456ucdavis.edu .

                Edited by Sandra Díaz, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina, and approved June 11, 2018 (received for review January 4, 2018)

                Author contributions: D.S.K., R.C.-K., T.D.M., E.A.M., F.D., H.G., C.G., L.H., A.E.L., A.M.-S., M.E. O’Rourke, A.R., K.P., M.J., J.A.R., N.A.S., T.T., and S.D.W. designed research; D.S.K., R.C.-K., T.D.M., E.A.M., F.D., H.G., C.G., L.H., A.E.L., A.M.-S., M.E. O’Rourke, A.R., K.P., M.J., J.A.R., N.A.S., T.T., S.D.W., W.Z., A.L.I., L.S.A., M.A., A.A., G.M.A., M.Z.A., J.A., P.B., J.M.B., F.J.J.A.B., K.B., E.W.B., R.B., M.J.B., B.C.-L., Y.C., L.G.C., L.C., M.C., A.Ć., D.C.H., A.C., A.C.C., A.D.l.M., J.d.K., N.D., E.D., T.D., C.F.D., J.O.E., M.H.E., D.F., P.F., F.J.F.v.V., T.F., V.G., M.P.D.G., A.G., D.J.G., P.B.G., I.G., R.L.G., G.M.G., Z.H.-F., G.E.H., J.D.H., A.S.H., D.J.I., A.J.I., P.I., K.J., G.A.J., L.J., M. Kaiser, J.M.K., T.K., T.N.K., M. Kishinevsky, D.A.L., B.L., C.L., A.L.R., D.L., D.K.L., H.L., Y. Lu, Y. Lubin, T.L., B.M., K.M., F.M., V.M., A.M.C., L.M., E.M., H.M.M., P.M., M.G.E.M., T.M., G.A.R.M., M.A.M.-M., M.E. O’Neal, I.O., S.O.-M., M.N., Ö.Ö., A.O., D. Pak, D. Paredes, S. Parsa, H.P., R.P.-A., D.J.P., J.A.P., S. Petit, S.M.P., M. Plantegenest, M. Plećaš, T.P., X.P., S.G.P., R.F.P., D.W.R., T.A.R., L.R., B.R., C. Sargent, J.-P.S., J. Saulais, J. Schäckermann, N.P.S., G.S., C. Schüepp, F.S.S., H.G.S., K.S.W., S.S., Z.S., M.B.T., H.T., G.T., L.J.T., Y.T., N.T., M.T., M.V.-M., M.V.T., W.v.d.W., K.T.V., B.P.W., J.B.W., V.J.W., B.A.W., K.W., H.X., M.Y., A.Y., and Y.Z. performed research; D.S.K., R.C.-K., T.D.M., and E.A.M. analyzed data; and D.S.K. wrote the paper.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3832-4428
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-8745
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-8805
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-607X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-8277
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-6275
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1017-6996
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3562-2662
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9164-9985
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3154-6295
                Article
                201800042
                10.1073/pnas.1800042115
                6099893
                30072434
                6cf61e6c-4c19-47f0-bad7-f1ee84c42850
                Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

                This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Categories
                9
                PNAS Plus
                Biological Sciences
                Sustainability Science
                From the Cover
                PNAS Plus

                agroecology,biodiversity,biological control,ecosystem services,natural enemies

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