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      Meta‐barcoding insights into the spatial and temporal dietary patterns of the threatened Asian Great Bustard ( Otis tarda dybowskii) with potential implications for diverging migratory strategies

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          Abstract

          Food resources are often not sufficient to satisfy the nutritional and energetic requirements during winter conditions at high latitudes. Dietary analysis is a prerequisite to fully understanding the feeding ecology of a species and the nature of trophic interactions. Previous dietary studies of Asian Great Bustard ( Otis tarda dybowskii) relied on behavioral observations, resulting in categorization of diet limited to broad taxonomic groupings. Here, we applied a high‐throughput sequencing meta‐barcoding approach to quantify the diet of resident and migratory Asian Great Bustard in three wintering sites during early winter and late winter. We detected 57 unique plant taxa in the bustard diet, among which 15 species were confirmed by a local plant database we generated. Both agricultural and natural foods were detected, indicating a relatively broad dietary niche. Spatiotemporal dietary changes were discovered, revealing diet differences among wintering sites and a general shift toward lower plant diversity later in winter. For the nonmigratory population, we detected a significantly more diverse array of plant species in their diet. We hypothesize that dietary variation between resident and migratory populations could be involved in the recent transition to partial migration in this species, although climate change can not be excluded. Collectively, these results support protecting unharvested grain fields and naturally unplowed lands to help conserve and promote population growth of Asian Great Bustard.

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          Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA.

          Six primers for the amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been designed. In order to find out whether these primers were universal, we used them in an attempt to amplify DNA from various plant species. The primers worked for most species tested including algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The fact that they amplify chloroplast DNA non-coding regions over a wide taxonomic range means that these primers may be used to study the population biology (in supplying markers) and evolution (inter- and probably intraspecific phylogenies) of plants.
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            Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.

            Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
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              obitools: a unix-inspired software package for DNA metabarcoding.

              DNA metabarcoding offers new perspectives in biodiversity research. This recently developed approach to ecosystem study relies heavily on the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and thus calls upon the ability to deal with huge sequence data sets. The obitools package satisfies this requirement thanks to a set of programs specifically designed for analysing NGS data in a DNA metabarcoding context. Their capacity to filter and edit sequences while taking into account taxonomic annotation helps to set up tailor-made analysis pipelines for a broad range of DNA metabarcoding applications, including biodiversity surveys or diet analyses. The obitools package is distributed as an open source software available on the following website: http://metabarcoding.org/obitools. A Galaxy wrapper is available on the GenOuest core facility toolshed: http://toolshed.genouest.org.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                gongmh2005@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                08 January 2018
                February 2018
                : 8
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.2018.8.issue-3 )
                : 1736-1745
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Research Institute of Wetland Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
                [ 2 ] Forensics & Environmental and Life Sciences Trent University Peterborough ON Canada
                [ 3 ] College of Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
                [ 4 ] State Forestry Planning and Design Institute of Forest Products Industry Beijing China
                [ 5 ] Beijing Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Beijing China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Minghao Gong, Research Institute of Wetland, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.

                Email: gongmh2005@ 123456hotmail.com

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3614-0561
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-4503
                Article
                ECE33791
                10.1002/ece3.3791
                5792609
                29435248
                6cf6c792-23d2-4f8b-b4dc-df04a1a626f8
                © 2018 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 05 June 2017
                : 24 November 2017
                : 06 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 10, Words: 8500
                Funding
                Funded by: National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant from CAFINT
                Award ID: CAFINT2015K05
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Nonprofit Research Institution of CAF
                Award ID: CAFYBB2016QB019
                Funded by: The NSFC grant
                Award ID: 31500303
                Funded by: Species Salvation Program of Department of Fauna and Flora and Nature Reserve Management
                Funded by: State Forestry Administration of China
                Award ID: 2016
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                ece33791
                February 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.3.2 mode:remove_FC converted:31.01.2018

                Evolutionary Biology
                great bustard,molecular diet analysis,partial migration,spatiotemporal changes,wintering food

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