Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Niger State: Pilot Cross-Sectional Study

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Abstract

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is causing ongoing human and socioeconomic losses.

Objective

To know how far the virus has spread in Niger State, Nigeria, a pilot study was carried out to determine the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, patterns, dynamics, and risk factors in the state.

Methods

A cross-sectional study design and clustered, stratified random sampling strategy were used to select 185 test participants across the state. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM rapid test kits (colloidal gold immunochromatography lateral flow system) were used to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to the virus in the blood of sampled participants across Niger State from June 26 to 30, 2020. The test kits were validated using the blood samples of some of the Nigeria Center for Disease Control–confirmed positive and negative COVID-19 cases in the state. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM test results were entered into the Epi Info questionnaire administered simultaneously with each test. Epi Info was then used to calculate the arithmetic mean and percentage, odds ratio, χ ² statistic, and regression at a 95% CI of the data generated.

Results

The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Niger State was found to be 25.4% (47/185) and 2.2% (4/185) for the positive IgG and IgM results, respectively. Seroprevalence among age groups, genders, and occupations varied widely. The COVID-19 asymptomatic rate in the state was found to be 46.8% (22/47). The risk analyses showed that the chances of infection are almost the same for both urban and rural dwellers in the state. However, health care workers, those who experienced flulike symptoms, and those who had contact with a person who traveled out of Nigeria in the last 6 months (February to June 2020) were at double the risk of being infected with the virus. More than half (101/185, 54.6%) of the participants in this study did not practice social distancing at any time since the pandemic started. Participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 are also discussed.

Conclusions

The observed Niger State SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and infection patterns meansuggest that the virus has widely spread, far more SARS-CoV-2 infections have occurred than the reported cases, and there is a high asymptomatic COVID-19 rate across the state.

Related collections

Most cited references 23

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges

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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV2 and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City, China, it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of COVID-19. Person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were subsequently administered a variety of treatments. Extensive measures to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak. Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people. In this review, we highlights the symptoms, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, phylogenetic analysis and future directions to control the spread of this fatal disease.

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The clinical features and immune responses of asymptomatic individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been well described. We studied 37 asymptomatic individuals in the Wanzhou District who were diagnosed with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections but without any relevant clinical symptoms in the preceding 14 d and during hospitalization. Asymptomatic individuals were admitted to the government-designated Wanzhou People's Hospital for centralized isolation in accordance with policy1. The median duration of viral shedding in the asymptomatic group was 19 d (interquartile range (IQR), 15-26 d). The asymptomatic group had a significantly longer duration of viral shedding than the symptomatic group (log-rank P = 0.028). The virus-specific IgG levels in the asymptomatic group (median S/CO, 3.4; IQR, 1.6-10.7) were significantly lower (P = 0.005) relative to the symptomatic group (median S/CO, 20.5; IQR, 5.8-38.2) in the acute phase. Of asymptomatic individuals, 93.3% (28/30) and 81.1% (30/37) had reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels, respectively, during the early convalescent phase, as compared to 96.8% (30/31) and 62.2% (23/37) of symptomatic patients. Forty percent of asymptomatic individuals became seronegative and 12.9% of the symptomatic group became negative for IgG in the early convalescent phase. In addition, asymptomatic individuals exhibited lower levels of 18 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data suggest that asymptomatic individuals had a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels in the early convalescent phase might have implications for immunity strategy and serological surveys.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): JMIRx Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JMIRx Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): xmed

Journal ID (index): 34

Title: JMIRx Med

Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc

ISSN (Electronic): 2563-6316

Publication date Collection: 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 17 October 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 17 October 2023

Volume: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: e29587

Affiliations

[1]Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[2]Center for Applied Sciences and Technology Research, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[3]Trans-Saharan Disease Research Center, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[4]Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[5]Department of Biology, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[6]Department of Computer Science, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[7]Department of Geography, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[8]Department of Mathematics, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University , Lapai, Nigeria

[9]General Hospital , Minna, Nigeria

[10]Niger State Ministry of Health , Minna, Nigeria

[11]Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida Specialised Hospital , Minna, Nigeria

Author notes

Correspondence to Hussaini Majiya, PhD hussainimajiya@ 123456ibbu.edu.ng

Article

Publisher ID: 29587

DOI: 10.2196/29587

PMC ID: 10595504

PubMed ID: 37855218

SO-VID: 6d01ddbf-650b-4134-81c8-18f2f6a6b347

Copyright © © Hussaini Majiya, Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko, Vincent Tochukwu Balogu, Dickson Achimugu Musa, Ibrahim Maikudi Salihu, Abdullahi Abubakar Kawu, Ishaku Yakubu Bashir, Aishat Rabiu Sani, John Baba, Amina Tako Muhammad, Fatimah Ladidi Jibril, Ezekiel Bala, Nuhu George Obaje, Yahaya Badeggi Aliyu, Ramatu Gogo Muhammad, Hadiza Mohammed, Usman Naji Gimba, Abduljelili Uthman, Hadiza Muhammad Liman, Sule Alfa Alhaji, Joseph Kolo James, Muhammad Muhammad Makusidi, Mohammed Danasabe Isah, Ibrahim Abdullahi, Umar Ndagi, Bala Waziri, Chindo Ibrahim Bisallah, Naomi John Dadi-Mamud, Kolo Ibrahim, Abu Kasim Adamu. Originally published in JMIRx Med ( https://med.jmirx.org), 17.10.2023.

License:

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