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      High prescription of antimicrobials in a rural district hospital in India Translated title: Elevada prescripción de antimicrobianos en un hospital rural comarcal en India

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          Abstract

          Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends surveillance of antibiotic use as part of the strategy to fight against antimicrobial resistance. However, there is little information about the antibiotic consumption in developing countries, especially in rural areas. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the antimicrobial consumption in a rural hospital in India Methods: The study was performed in a district hospital situated in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. In accordance with WHO recommendations, we used the defined daily dose (DDD) methodology to measure the antibiotic use during one year (from 1st August 2011 to 1st August 2012). The antibiotic use was measured using DDDs/100 admissions and DDDs/100 patient-days for inpatients, and DDDs/100 visits for outpatients. Results: During the study period, there were 15,735 admissions and 250,611 outpatient visits. Antibiotics were prescribed for 86% of inpatients and 12.5% of outpatients. Outpatient prescriptions accounted for 2/3 of the overall antibiotic consumption. For inpatients, the total antibiotic use was 222 DDDs/ 100 patient-days, 693 DDDs/ 100 admissions and the mean number of antibiotics prescribed was 1.8. For outpatients, the total antibiotic use was 86 DDDs/ 100 outpatient visits and the mean number of antibiotics prescribed was 1.2. The most common antibiotics prescribed were aminopenicillins and 3rd generation cephalosporins for inpatients, and tetracyclines and quinolones for outpatients. In a sample of patients with diarrhoea or upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), the proportion of patients who received antibiotics was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67-93) and 52% (95% CI, 43-62), respectively. Conclusion: In this rural setting, the use of antimicrobials was extremely high, even in conditions with a predominantly viral aetiology such as diarrhoea or URTI.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda la vigilancia del uso de antibióticos como parte de la estrategia de lucha contra la resistencia a antibióticos. Sin embargo, existe poca información del consumo de antibióticos en países en vías de desarrollo, especialmente en áreas rurales. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el consumo de antimicrobianos en un hospital rural de India. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en un hospital comarcal situado en Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. De acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la OMS, usamos la metodología de la dosis diaria definida (DDD) para medir el uso de antibióticos durante un año (del 1 de agosto de 2011 a 1 de agosto de 2012). El uso de antibióticos se midió usando las DDD/100 ingresos y las DDD/100 pacientes-día para internados y DDD/100 visitas para los externos. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, hubo 15.735 ingresos y 250.611 consultas externas. Se prescribieron antibióticos en el 86% de los internados y en el 12,5% de los externos. Las prescripciones de los externos sumaron 2/3 del consumo total de antibióticos. Para internados, el uso total de antibióticos fue de 222 DDD/100 pacientes-día, de 693 DDD/100 ingresos y el número medio de antibióticos prescritos fue de 1,8. Para los pacientes externos, el uso de antibióticos fue de 86 DDD/100 visitas y la media de antibióticos prescritos fue de 1,2. Los antibióticos más frecuentemente prescritos fueron las aminopenicilinas y las cefalosporinas de 3ª generación para los internados, y las tetraciclinas y quinolonas para los externos. En una muestra de pacientes con diarrea o infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior (URTI), la proporción de pacientes que recibió antibióticos fue del 84% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95% 67-93) y del 52% (IC95% 43-62), respectivamente. Conclusión: En un entorno rural, el consumo de antibióticos fue extremamente elevado, incluso en situaciones de una etiología predominantemente vírica como diarrea o URTI.

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          Most cited references24

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          European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): outpatient antibiotic use in Europe (1997-2009).

          To describe total outpatient systemic antibiotic use in Europe from 1997 to 2009 and to analyse statistically trends of total use and composition of use over time. For the period 1997-2009, data on outpatient use of systemic antibiotics aggregated at the level of the active substance were collected and expressed in defined daily doses (WHO, version 2011) and packages per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID and PID, respectively). Outpatient antibiotic (ATC J01) use in DID in the 33 European countries able to deliver valid data was analysed using longitudinal and compositional data analyses. Total outpatient antibiotic use in 2009 varied by a factor of 3.8 between the countries with the highest (38.6 DID in Greece) and lowest (10.2 DID in Romania) use. For Europe, a significant increase was found in total outpatient antibiotic use, as well as a significant seasonal variation, which decreased over time from 1997 to 2009. Relative use of penicillins and quinolones significantly increased over time with respect to sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and relative use of quinolones increased with respect to macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin as well. More detailed analyses of these major antibiotic subgroups will be described in separate papers. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe measured as DID has increased since 1997, whereas seasonal variation has decreased over time. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) data on outpatient antibiotic use in Europe enable countries to audit their antibiotic use. Complemented by longitudinal and compositional data analyses, these data provide a tool for assessing public health strategies aimed at reducing antibiotic resistance and optimizing antibiotic prescribing.
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            Rationalizing antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India+

            (2011)
            Antibiotic resistance, a global concern, is particularly pressing in developing nations, including India, where the burden of infectious disease is high and healthcare spending is low. The Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) was established to develop actionable policy recommendations specifically relevant to low- and middle-income countries where suboptimal access to antibiotics - not a major concern in high-income countries - is possibly as severe a problem as is the spread of resistant organisms. This report summarizes the situation as it is known regarding antibiotic use and growing resistance in India and recommends short and long term actions. Recommendations aim at (i) reducing the need for antibiotics; (ii) lowering resistance-enhancing drug pressure through improved antibiotic targeting, and (iii) eliminating antibiotic use for growth promotion in agriculture. The highest priority needs to be given to (i) national surveillance of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use - better information to underpin decisions on standard treatment guidelines, education and other actions, as well as to monitor changes over time; (ii) increasing the use of diagnostic tests, which necessitates behavioural changes and improvements in microbiology laboratory capacity; (iii) setting up and/or strengthening infection control committees in hospitals; and (iv) restricting the use of antibiotics for non-therapeutic uses in agriculture. These interventions should help to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance, improve public health directly, benefit the populace and reduce pressure on the healthcare system. Finally, increasing the types and coverage of childhood vaccines offered by the government would reduce the disease burden enormously and spare antibiotics.
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              Trends in antibiotic use among outpatients in New Delhi, India

              Background The overall volume of antibiotic consumption in the community is one of the foremost causes of antimicrobial resistance. There is much ad-hoc information about the inappropriate consumption of antibiotics, over-the-counter availability, and inadequate dosage but there is very little actual evidence of community practices. Methods This study surveyed antibiotic use in the community (December 2007-November 2008) using the established methodology of patient exit interviews at three types of facilities: 20 private retail pharmacies, 10 public sector facilities, and 20 private clinics to obtain a complete picture of community antibiotic use over a year. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) measurement units were assigned to the data. Antibiotic use was measured as DDD/1000 patients visiting the facility and also as percent of patients receiving an antibiotic. Results During the data collection period, 17995, 9205, and 5922 patients visiting private retail pharmacies, public facilities and private clinics, respectively, were included in our study. 39% of the patients attending private retail pharmacies and public facilities and 43% of patients visiting private clinics were prescribed at least one antibiotic. Consumption patterns of antibiotics were similar at private retail pharmacies and private clinics where fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and extended spectrum penicillins were the three most commonly prescribed groups of antibiotics. At public facilities, there was a more even use of all the major antibiotic groups including penicillins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and cotrimoxazole. Newer members from each class of antibiotics were prescribed. Not much seasonal variation was seen although slightly higher consumption of some antibiotics in winter and slightly higher consumption of fluoroquinolones during the rainy season were observed. Conclusions A very high consumption of antibiotics was observed in both public and private sector outpatients. There was a high use of broad spectrum and newer antibiotics in the community. Suitable and sustainable interventions should be implemented to promote rational use of antibiotics that will help in decreasing the menace of antibiotic resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pharmacin
                Pharmacy Practice (Internet)
                Pharmacy Practice (Internet)
                Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmacéuticas (Redondela )
                1886-3655
                June 2014
                : 12
                : 2
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Fundación Vicente Ferrer India
                [2 ] Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research India
                [3 ] Nirmala College of Pharmacy India
                Article
                S1886-36552014000200003
                6d164040-8cff-48ef-b92f-ae14b63d27b4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Anti-Bacterial Agents,Drug Resistance,Bacterial,Drug Utilization,Inappropriate Prescribing,Rural Health,India,Antibacterianos,Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana,Utilización de Medicamentos,Prescripción Inadecuada,Salud Rural

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