Clima laboral, estrés laboral y consumo de alcohol en trabajadores de la industria. Una revisión sistemática  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Work climate, work stress and alcohol consumption in workers in the industry. A systematic review </span>

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Abstract

RESUMEN Fundamentos: El clima laboral negativo influye en la inadaptación del personal y aparecen consecuencias laborales, fisiológicas y psicológicas en los trabajadores. El estrés laboral puede aparecer como resultado de la relación entre el individuo, el clima laboral y la percepción individual de factores amenazantes derivados del trabajo, que pone en peligro el bienestar físico, psicológico y social y aumenta la probabilidad del consumo de alcohol. El consumo de alcohol es una conducta frecuente en la población trabajadora, como afrontamiento negativo al estrés. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el estado del arte de la relación entre el clima laboral, el estrés laboral y el consumo de alcohol en los trabajadores. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de estudios primarios en inglés, portugués y español del año 2009 al 2019, la población de estudio fueron trabajadores de ambos sexos. Búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos: PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, EBSCO Host, Redalyc; se recurrió al buscador Google Académico para la obtención de documentos en texto completo. Tres revisores participaron en el proceso de selección y extracción de datos de forma independiente, consensuando resultados. Resultados: Se encontraron 533 estudios de los cuales 17 cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. Se identificó asociación entre el clima laboral (ambiente de trabajo) y/o el estrés laboral con el consumo de alcohol en población trabajadora, también se analizó un metaanálisis el cual concluye que los trabajadores que presentaban mayor estrés laboral eran bebedores de bajo riesgo de 20 g/día (2 UBEs) para hombres y 10 g/día (1 UBE) para mujeres; y bebedores de riesgo con 40 g/d (4 UBEs/día) en hombres y >20-25 g/d (2-2,5 UBEs/día) en mujeres. Conclusiones: El clima laboral y el estrés laboral predicen el consumo de alcohol y el tipo de consumo de alcohol en los trabajadores.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT Background: The negative work climate influences the maladjustment of the staff and there are labor, physiological and psychological consequences in the workers. Work stress can appear as a result of the relationship between the individual, the work environment and the individual perception of threatening factors derived from work, which endangers physical, psychological and social well-being and increases the probability of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption is a frequent behavior in the working population, as a negative coping with stress. The objective of this work was to know the state of the art of the relationship between the work environment, work stress and alcohol consumption in workers. Methods: Systematic review of primary studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish from 2009 to 2019, the study population was workers of both sexes. Search in multiple databases: PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, EBSCO Host, Redalyc; the Google Scholar search engine was used to obtain full-text documents. Three reviewers participated in the data selection and extraction process independently, agreeing on the results. Results: 533 studies were found, of which 17 met the eligibility criteria. An association was identified between the work environment (work environment) and/or work stress with the consumption of alcohol in the working population, a meta-analysis was also analyzed which concludes that the workers who presented greater work stress were low-risk drinkers of 20 g/day (2 UBEs) for men and 10 g/day (1 UBE) for women; and risk drinkers with 40 g/d (4 UBEs/day) in men and >20-25 g/d (2-2.5 UBEs/day) in women. Conclusions: The work environment and work stress predict alcohol consumption and the type of alcohol consumption in workers.

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Job Strain and Alcohol Intake: A Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Individual-Participant Data from 140 000 Men and Women

Katriina Heikkilä, Solja T. Nyberg, Eleonor I. Fransson … (2012)

Background The relationship between work-related stress and alcohol intake is uncertain. In order to add to the thus far inconsistent evidence from relatively small studies, we conducted individual-participant meta-analyses of the association between work-related stress (operationalised as self-reported job strain) and alcohol intake. Methodology and Principal Findings We analysed cross-sectional data from 12 European studies (n = 142 140) and longitudinal data from four studies (n = 48 646). Job strain and alcohol intake were self-reported. Job strain was analysed as a binary variable (strain vs. no strain). Alcohol intake was harmonised into the following categories: none, moderate (women: 1–14, men: 1–21 drinks/week), intermediate (women: 15–20, men: 22–27 drinks/week) and heavy (women: >20, men: >27 drinks/week). Cross-sectional associations were modelled using logistic regression and the results pooled in random effects meta-analyses. Longitudinal associations were examined using mixed effects logistic and modified Poisson regression. Compared to moderate drinkers, non-drinkers and (random effects odds ratio (OR): 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.14) and heavy drinkers (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26) had higher odds of job strain. Intermediate drinkers, on the other hand, had lower odds of job strain (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.99). We found no clear evidence for longitudinal associations between job strain and alcohol intake. Conclusions Our findings suggest that compared to moderate drinkers, non-drinkers and heavy drinkers are more likely and intermediate drinkers less likely to report work-related stress.

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Employment precariousness in Spain: prevalence, social distribution, and population-attributable risk percent of poor mental health.

Joan Benach, Clara Llorens, Caries Muntaner … (2011)

As a consequence of labor market flexibilization, nonstandard employment has expanded and standard employment has declined. In many cases, these transformations are best described as an evolution toward precarious employment, which is considered a major determinant of health and health inequalities. Using the Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES), this study aims to determine the prevalence of precarious employment in the waged and salaried workforce in Spain, to describe its distribution across social groups defined by occupational class, gender, age, and immigrant status, and to estimate the proportion of cases of poor mental health potentially attributable to employment precariousness. Data are from the Psychosocial Work Environment Survey conducted in 2004-5 on a representative sample of the Spanish workforce. Findings indicate a high prevalence of employment precariousness, affecting nearly 6.5 million workers, with almost 900,000 of them exposed to high precariousness. These estimates are higher than the proportion of fixed-term employment reported in regular statistical sources but may today be an underestimation, given the current economic crisis. Additionally, a significant proportion of cases of poor mental health are potentially attributable to employment precariousness. Both the proportion of cases of poor mental health attributable to and the prevalence of employment precariousness were highly unequally distributed across the study sample, indicating that this may be a significant contributor to social inequalities in mental health.