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      Nanolasers Enabled by Metallic Nanoparticles: From Spasers to Random Lasers

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          Is Open Access

          Universal Dynamic Conductivity and Quantized Visible Opacity of Suspended Graphene

          We show that the optical transparency of suspended graphene is defined by the fine structure constant, alpha, the parameter that describes coupling between light and relativistic electrons and is traditionally associated with quantum electrodynamics rather than condensed matter physics. Despite being only one atom thick, graphene is found to absorb a significant (pi times alpha=2.3%) fraction of incident white light, which is a consequence of graphene's unique electronic structure. This value translates into universal dynamic conductivity G =e^2/4h_bar within a few percent accuracy.
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            Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

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              Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale.

              Laser science has been successful in producing increasingly high-powered, faster and smaller coherent light sources. Examples of recent advances are microscopic lasers that can reach the diffraction limit, based on photonic crystals, metal-clad cavities and nanowires. However, such lasers are restricted, both in optical mode size and physical device dimension, to being larger than half the wavelength of the optical field, and it remains a key fundamental challenge to realize ultracompact lasers that can directly generate coherent optical fields at the nanometre scale, far beyond the diffraction limit. A way of addressing this issue is to make use of surface plasmons, which are capable of tightly localizing light, but so far ohmic losses at optical frequencies have inhibited the realization of truly nanometre-scale lasers based on such approaches. A recent theoretical work predicted that such losses could be significantly reduced while maintaining ultrasmall modes in a hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Here we report the experimental demonstration of nanometre-scale plasmonic lasers, generating optical modes a hundred times smaller than the diffraction limit. We realize such lasers using a hybrid plasmonic waveguide consisting of a high-gain cadmium sulphide semiconductor nanowire, separated from a silver surface by a 5-nm-thick insulating gap. Direct measurements of the emission lifetime reveal a broad-band enhancement of the nanowire's exciton spontaneous emission rate by up to six times owing to the strong mode confinement and the signature of apparently threshold-less lasing. Because plasmonic modes have no cutoff, we are able to demonstrate downscaling of the lateral dimensions of both the device and the optical mode. Plasmonic lasers thus offer the possibility of exploring extreme interactions between light and matter, opening up new avenues in the fields of active photonic circuits, bio-sensing and quantum information technology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Laser & Photonics Reviews
                Laser & Photonics Reviews
                Wiley
                18638880
                November 2017
                November 2017
                November 15 2017
                : 11
                : 6
                : 1700212
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Electrical & Computer Engineering; Birck Nanotechnology Center, and Purdue Quantum Center; Purdue University; 1205 West State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
                [2 ]School of Materials Science & Engineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
                Article
                10.1002/lpor.201700212
                6d34a2c0-fade-45ab-9d9d-a04732d455d1
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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