15
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Drivers of change in biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Cantareira System Protected Area: A prospective analysis of the implementation of public policies Translated title: Agentes de mudança na biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos na APA Sistema Cantareira: Uma análise prospectiva da implementação de políticas públicas

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Abstract: The lack of implementation of well-designed public policies aimed at the conservation of natural ecosystems has resulted, at a global level, in the decline of ecosystem functioning and, consequently, of the contributions they make to people. The poor enforcement of important environmental legislation in Brazil - for instance, the “Atlantic Forest Law” (Law n.11.428/2006) and the “Forest Code” (Law n.12.651/2012) - could compromise the overall maintenance of ecosystems and the services they provide. To explore the implications of different levels of federal laws’ enforcement within the Cantareira System Protected Area (PA) - a PA in southeastern Brazil that provides fresh water for 47% of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area -, we developed a conceptual framework to identify indirect and direct drives of biodiversity and ecosystem changes. We also projected four land-use scenarios to 2050 to test the effects of deforestation control and forest restoration practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services maintenance: the “business-as-usual” scenario (BAU), which assumes that all trends in land-use cover changes observed in the past will continue in the future, and three alternative exploratory scenarios considering the Atlantic Forest Law implementation, the partial implementation of the Forest Code and the full implementation of the Forest Code. Using the land-use maps generated for each scenario, we assessed the impacts of land-use changes on biodiversity conservation and soil retention. Our results revealed all alternative scenarios could increase biodiversity conservation (by 7%; 12%; and 12%, respectively), reduce soil loss (by 24.70%; 34.70%; and 38.12%, respectively) and sediment exportation to water (by 27.47%; 55.06%; and 59.28%, respectively), when compared to the BAU scenario. Our findings highlight the importance of restoring and conserving native vegetation for the maintenance and improvement of biodiversity conservation and for the provision of ecosystem services.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: A falta de implementação de políticas públicas voltadas para a conservação ambiental, tem resultado, em nível global, em impactos sobre a biodiversidade e o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e, consequentemente, na contribuição da natureza para as pessoas. A aplicação inadequada de importantes de leis ambientais no Brasil, como por exemplo, a “Lei da Mata Atlântica” (Lei nº 11.428 / 2006) e o “Código Florestal” (Lei nº 12.651 / 2012), podem comprometer a manutenção dos ecossistemas e dos serviços que eles fornecem. Neste estudo, nós desenvolvemos um mapa conceitual que busca identificar causas diretas e indiretas de mudanças - agentes de mudança - na biodiversidade e na provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados ao solo e à água, na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Sistema Cantareira. A APA Sistema Cantareira, localizada no sudeste do Brasil, fornece água potável para 47% da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Além da abordagem conceitual, nós projetamos quatro cenários de mudança no uso da terra para o ano de 2050, a fim de analisar o impacto de diferentes níveis de aplicação de leis federais: o cenário “business-as-usual” (BAU), que pressupõe que as tendências na mudança de uso da terra observadas no passado continuarão no futuro, e três cenários alternativos, considerando a implementação da Lei da Mata Atlântica, a implementação parcial do Código Florestal e a implementação completa do Código Florestal. A partir dos mapas de uso da terra gerados, avaliamos os impactos de cada cenário na conservação da biodiversidade, na retenção de solos e na exportação de sedimentos para os corpos d’água. Nossos resultados mostraram que os três cenários alternativos podem aumentar a conservação da biodiversidade (em 7%; 12%; e 12%, respectivamente), reduzir a perda de solo (em 24,70%; 34,70%; e 38,12%, respectivamente) e reduzir a exportação de sedimentos para a água (em 27,47 %; 55,06%; e 59,28%, respectivamente), quando comparados ao cenário BAU. Este estudo destaca a importância da restauração e conservação da vegetação nativa para a manutenção da biodiversidade e melhoria na provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados ao solo e à água, em uma região estratégica para o abastecimento de água no Brasil.

          Related collections

          Most cited references39

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.

          Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services.

            Biodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is consensus that this can decrease ecosystem functioning and services. It remains unclear, though, whether few or many of the species in an ecosystem are needed to sustain the provisioning of ecosystem services. It has been hypothesized that most species would promote ecosystem services if many times, places, functions and environmental changes were considered; however, no previous study has considered all of these factors together. Here we show that 84% of the 147 grassland plant species studied in 17 biodiversity experiments promoted ecosystem functioning at least once. Different species promoted ecosystem functioning during different years, at different places, for different functions and under different environmental change scenarios. Furthermore, the species needed to provide one function during multiple years were not the same as those needed to provide multiple functions within one year. Our results indicate that even more species will be needed to maintain ecosystem functioning and services than previously suggested by studies that have either (1) considered only the number of species needed to promote one function under one set of environmental conditions, or (2) separately considered the importance of biodiversity for providing ecosystem functioning across multiple years, places, functions or environmental change scenarios. Therefore, although species may appear functionally redundant when one function is considered under one set of environmental conditions, many species are needed to maintain multiple functions at multiple times and places in a changing world.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Scenarios for global biodiversity in the 21st century.

              Quantitative scenarios are coming of age as a tool for evaluating the impact of future socioeconomic development pathways on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We analyze global terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biodiversity scenarios using a range of measures including extinctions, changes in species abundance, habitat loss, and distribution shifts, as well as comparing model projections to observations. Scenarios consistently indicate that biodiversity will continue to decline over the 21st century. However, the range of projected changes is much broader than most studies suggest, partly because there are major opportunities to intervene through better policies, but also because of large uncertainties in projections.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1676-0611
                2020
                : 20
                : suppl 1
                : e20190915
                Affiliations
                [7] Brno orgnameCzech Academy of Sciences orgdiv1Global Change Research Institute Czech Republic
                [2] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameInstituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade Brasil
                [9] São Paulo SP orgnameEstado de São Paulo orgdiv1Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento Brasil
                [12] Piracicaba orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura orgdiv2Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica Brazil
                [4] Piracicaba orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” orgdiv2Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Brazil
                [5] Piracicaba orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” orgdiv2Departamento. de Ciências Biológicas Brazil
                [1] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Instituto de Biologia orgdiv2Departamento de Ecologia Brazil
                [6] Pisa Toscana orgnameScuola Normale Superiore Italy
                [3] São Paulo SP orgnameSecretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio ambiente do Estado de São Paulo orgdiv1Instituto Florestal Brasil
                [11] Goiânia Goiás orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Departamento de Ecologia Brazil
                [8] orgnameCharles University in Prague orgdiv1Faculty of Humanities Czech Republic
                [10] Horco Molle Tucumán orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Tucumán orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales orgdiv2Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical Argentina
                Article
                S1676-06032020000500201 S1676-0603(20)02000000201
                10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0915
                6d607c1b-a759-462c-ac14-4c8b2316e9f9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 March 2020
                : 20 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Article

                Modeling,InVEST,Biodiversidade,Serviços ecossistêmicos,Modelagem,GLOBIO,Área de Proteção Ambiental Sistema Cantareira,Biodiversity,Ecosystem services,Cantareira System Protected Area,Scenarios

                Comments

                Comment on this article