25
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Acetylated Hyaluronic Acid: Enhanced Bioavailability and Biological Studies

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Hyaluronic acid (HA), a macropolysaccharidic component of the extracellular matrix, is common to most species and it is found in many sites of the human body, including skin and soft tissue. Not only does HA play a variety of roles in physiologic and in pathologic events, but it also has been extensively employed in cosmetic and skin-care products as drug delivery agent or for several biomedical applications. The most important limitations of HA are due to its short half-life and quick degradation in vivo and its consequently poor bioavailability. In the aim to overcome these difficulties, HA is generally subjected to several chemical changes. In this paper we obtained an acetylated form of HA with increased bioavailability with respect to the HA free form. Furthermore, an improved radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity has been evidenced, respectively, on ABTS radical cation and murine monocyte/macrophage cell lines (J774.A1).

          Related collections

          Most cited references47

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.

          Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. Hyaluronan binds to a number of cell surface proteins on various cell types. Hyaluronan fragments signal through both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 as well as CD44 to stimulate inflammatory genes in inflammatory cells. Hyaluronan is also present on the cell surface of epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage from the environment by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins regulate inflammation, tissue injury, and repair through regulating inflammatory cell recruitment, release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell migration. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Glycosaminoglycans: key players in cancer cell biology and treatment.

            Glycosaminoglycans are natural heteropolysaccharides that are present in every mammalian tissue. They are composed of repeating disaccharide units that consist of either sulfated or non-sulfated monosaccharides. Their molecular size and the sulfation type vary depending on the tissue, and their state either as part of proteoglycan or as free chains. In this regard, glycosaminoglycans play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. During recent years, cell biology studies have revealed that glycosaminoglycans are among the key macromolecules that affect cell properties and functions, acting directly on cell receptors or via interactions with growth factors. The accumulated knowledge regarding the altered structure of glycosaminoglycans in several diseases indicates their importance as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and progression, as well as pharmacological targets. This review summarizes how the fine structural characteristics of glycosaminoglycans, and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation, are involved in cell signaling, cell function and cancer progression. Prospects for glycosaminoglycan-based therapeutic targeting in cancer are also discussed. © 2012 The Authors Journal compilation © 2012 FEBS.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The nitric oxide-scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761.

              Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 was found to be a scavenger of nitric oxide in in vitro acellular systems, under physiological conditions. EGb 761 competed with oxyhemoglobin for reaction with nitric oxide generated during the interaction of hydroxylamine with Complex I of catalase. An EGb 761 dose-dependent decrease in the amount of nitrite formed in the reaction of oxygen with nitric oxide produced from solution of 5 mM sodium nitroprusside was also observed. These data implicate it as a potential therapeutic agent in conditions of altered production of nitric oxide.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2014
                8 July 2014
                : 2014
                : 921549
                Affiliations
                1Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
                2Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
                3Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling, Electronics and Systems, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
                4Department of Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
                Author notes
                *Carmela Saturnino: saturnino@ 123456unisa.it and
                *Maria Stefania Sinicropi: s.sinicropi@ 123456unical.it

                Academic Editor: Michela Ori

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-9864
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5179-7118
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9843-8443
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-1630
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-9489
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-5087
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5164-0257
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-1093
                Article
                10.1155/2014/921549
                4121155
                6d62df85-a707-4490-a0b2-426880065ee0
                Copyright © 2014 Carmela Saturnino et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 February 2014
                : 25 June 2014
                Categories
                Research Article

                Comments

                Comment on this article