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      Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: Potential for Improvements in Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation

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          Abstract

          Background

          Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical intervention to improve survival following out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. We evaluated the quality of bystander CPR and whether performance varied according to the number of bystanders or provision of telecommunicator CPR (TCPR).

          Methods and Results

          We investigated non‐traumatic out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest occurring in a large metropolitan emergency medical system during a 6‐month period. Information about bystander care was ascertained through review of the 9‐1‐1 recordings in addition to emergency medical system and hospital records to determine bystander CPR status (none versus TCPR versus unassisted), the number of bystanders on‐scene, and CPR performance metrics of compression fraction and compression rate. Of the 428 eligible out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest, 76.4% received bystander CPR including 43.7% unassisted CPR and 56.3% TCPR; 35.2% had one bystander, 33.3% had 2 bystanders, and 31.5% had ≥3 bystanders. Overall compression fraction was 59% with a compression rate of 88 per minute. CPR differed according to TCPR status (fraction=52%, rate=87 per minute for TCPR versus fraction=69%, rate=102 for unassisted CPR, P<0.05 for each comparison) and the number of bystanders (fraction=55%, rate=87 per minute for 1 bystander, fraction=59%, rate=89 for 2 bystanders, fraction=65%, rate=97 for ≥3 bystanders, test for trend P<0.05 for each metric). Additional bystander actions were uncommon to include rotation of compressors (3.1%) or application of an automated external defibrillator (8.0%).

          Conclusions

          Bystander CPR quality as gauged by compression fraction and rate approached guideline goals though performance depended upon the type of CPR and number of bystanders.

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          Most cited references23

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          Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

          Circulation, 139(10)
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            Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Prior studies have identified key predictors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), but differences exist in the magnitude of these findings. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the strength of associations between OHCA and key factors (event witnessed by a bystander or emergency medical services [EMS], provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR], initial cardiac rhythm, or the return of spontaneous circulation). We also examined trends in OHCA survival over time. An electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane DSR, DARE, ACP Journal Club, and CCTR was conducted (January 1, 1950 to August 21, 2008) for studies reporting OHCA of presumed cardiac etiology in adults. Data were extracted from 79 studies involving 142 740 patients. The pooled survival rate to hospital admission was 23.8% (95% CI, 21.1 to 26.6) and to hospital discharge was 7.6% (95% CI, 6.7 to 8.4). Stratified by baseline rates, survival to hospital discharge was more likely among those: witnessed by a bystander (6.4% to 13.5%), witnessed by EMS (4.9% to 18.2%), who received bystander CPR (3.9% to 16.1%), were found in ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (14.8% to 23.0%), or achieved return of spontaneous circulation (15.5% to 33.6%). Although 53% (95% CI, 45.0% to 59.9%) of events were witnessed by a bystander, only 32% (95% CI, 26.7% to 37.8%) received bystander CPR. The number needed to treat to save 1 life ranged from 16 to 23 for EMS-witnessed arrests, 17 to 71 for bystander-witnessed, and 24 to 36 for those receiving bystander CPR, depending on baseline survival rates. The aggregate survival rate of OHCA (7.6%) has not significantly changed in almost 3 decades. Overall survival from OHCA has been stable for almost 30 years, as have the strong associations between key predictors and survival. Because most OHCA events are witnessed, efforts to improve survival should focus on prompt delivery of interventions of known effectiveness by those who witness the event.
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              Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: update of the Utstein Resuscitation Registry Templates for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa, Resuscitation Council of Asia); and the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation.

              Utstein-style guidelines contribute to improved public health internationally by providing a structured framework with which to compare emergency medical services systems. Advances in resuscitation science, new insights into important predictors of outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and lessons learned from methodological research prompted this review and update of the 2004 Utstein guidelines. Representatives of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation developed an updated Utstein reporting framework iteratively by meeting face to face, by teleconference, and by Web survey during 2012 through 2014. Herein are recommendations for reporting out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Data elements were grouped by system factors, dispatch/recognition, patient variables, resuscitation/postresuscitation processes, and outcomes. Elements were classified as core or supplemental using a modified Delphi process primarily based on respondents' assessment of the evidence-based importance of capturing those elements, tempered by the challenges to collect them. New or modified elements reflected consensus on the need to account for emergency medical services system factors, increasing availability of automated external defibrillators, data collection processes, epidemiology trends, increasing use of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emerging field treatments, postresuscitation care, prognostication tools, and trends in organ recovery. A standard reporting template is recommended to promote standardized reporting. This template facilitates reporting of the bystander-witnessed, shockable rhythm as a measure of emergency medical services system efficacy and all emergency medical services system-treated arrests as a measure of system effectiveness. Several additional important subgroups are identified that enable an estimate of the specific contribution of rhythm and bystander actions that are key determinants of outcome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                rea123@uw.edu
                Journal
                J Am Heart Assoc
                J Am Heart Assoc
                10.1002/(ISSN)2047-9980
                JAH3
                ahaoa
                Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2047-9980
                04 March 2021
                16 March 2021
                : 10
                : 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/jah3.v10.6 )
                : e017930
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Paris Research Cardiovascular Center (PARCC) INSERM Paris University Paris France
                [ 2 ] Emergency Department AP‐HP Georges Pompidou European Hospital Paris France
                [ 3 ] University of Washington Seattle WA
                [ 4 ] Emergency Medical Services Division Public Health Seattle and King County Seattle WA
                [ 5 ] University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: Thomas Rea, MD, MPH, Emergency Medicine Service Division, Public Health ‐ Seattle & King County, 401 5th Ave, Seattle, WA 98104. E‐mail: rea123@ 123456uw.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-8937
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4156-2942
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2845-8238
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-9342
                Article
                JAH36007
                10.1161/JAHA.120.017930
                8174211
                33660519
                6d80ddc7-0b2e-4e96-ba30-ab282f48f587
                © 2021 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 07 June 2020
                : 04 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 9, Words: 5548
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Resuscitation Science
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                March 16, 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.1 mode:remove_FC converted:09.04.2021

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                dispatch‐assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation,out of hospital cardiac arrest,quality in health care,telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation,health services,quality and outcomes,cardiopulmonary arrest,cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care

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