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      Quitosana: derivados hidrossolúveis, aplicações farmacêuticas e avanços Translated title: Chitosan: hydrossoluble derivatives, pharmaceutical applications and recent advances

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          Translated abstract

          Chitin and chitosan are copolymers build from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine. The former is widely found in nature and yields the latter on deacetylation. The copolymers are being used for several purposes. Since 1977, when the First International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan was held in Boston, USA, the interest on chitin and chitosan has remarkably increased. This review emphasizes pharmaceutical applications of chitosan and its derivatives, and presents recent advances. Some therapeutical applications of these polymers are also discussed.

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          Bactericidal antibody against a representative epidemiological meningococcal serogroup B panel confirms that MATS underestimates 4CMenB vaccine strain coverage.

          Giacomo Frosi, Alessia Biolchi, Morena Lo Sapio … (2013)
          4CMenB (Bexsero), a vaccine developed against invasive meningococcal disease caused by capsular group B strains (MenB), was recently licensed for use by the European Medicines Agency. Assessment of 4CMenB strain coverage in specific epidemiologic settings is of primary importance to predict vaccination impact on the burden of disease. The Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS) was developed to predict 4CMenB strain coverage, using serum bactericidal antibody assay with human complement (hSBA) data from a diverse panel of strains not representative of any specific epidemiology. To experimentally validate the accuracy of MATS-based predictions against strains representative of a specific epidemiologic setting. We used a stratified sampling method to identify a representative sample from all MenB disease isolates collected from England and Wales in 2007-2008, tested the strains in the hSBA assay with pooled sera from infant and adolescent vaccinees, and compared these results with MATS. MATS predictions and hSBA results were significantly associated (P=0.022). MATS predicted coverage of 70% (95% CI, 55-85%) was largely confirmed by 88% killing in the hSBA (95% CI, 72-95%). MATS had 78% accuracy and 96% positive predictive value against hSBA. MATS is a conservative predictor of strain coverage by the 4CMenB vaccine in infants and adolescents. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in low and middle income countries: a systematic review.

            Mark Jit, Raymond CW Hutubessy, Michaela Fesenfeld (2013)
            The World Health Organization recommends establishing that human papillomavirus vaccination is cost-effective before vaccine introduction. We searched Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library to 1 April 2012 for economic evaluations of human papillomavirus vaccination in low and middle income countries. We found 25 articles, but almost all low income countries and many middle income countries lacked country-specific studies. Methods, assumptions and consequently results varied widely, even for studies conducted for the same country. Despite the heterogeneity, most studies conclude that vaccination is likely to be cost-effective and possibly even cost saving, particularly in settings without organized cervical screening programmes. However, study uncertainty could be reduced by clarity about vaccine prices and vaccine delivery costs. The review supports extending vaccination to low income settings where vaccine prices are competitive, donor funding is available, cervical cancer burden is high and screening options are limited. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Transmission dynamic modelling of the impact of human papillomavirus vaccination in the United Kingdom.

              Gregory Cox, Nigel Gay, G Garnett … (2010)
              Many countries are considering vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the long-term impact of vaccination is difficult to predict due to uncertainty about the prevalence of HPV infection, pattern of sexual partnerships, progression of cervical neoplasias, accuracy of screening as well as the duration of infectiousness and immunity. Dynamic models of human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission were developed to describe the infection spread and development of cervical neoplasia, cervical cancer (squamous cell and adenocarcinoma) and anogenital warts. Using different combinations of assumptions, 9900 scenarios were created. Each scenario was then fitted to epidemiological data and the best-fitting scenarios used to predict the impact of vaccination. Results suggest that vaccinating 12-year-old girls at 80% coverage will result in a 38-82% reduction in cervical cancer incidence and 44-100% reduction in anogenital warts incidence after 60 years of an ongoing vaccination programme if vaccine protection lasts 20 years on average. The marginal benefit of vaccinating boys depends on the degree of protection achieved by vaccinating girls. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hélio S. R. Costa Silva: Role: ND
                Kátia S. C. R. dos Santos: Role: ND
                Elizabeth I. Ferreira: Role: ND
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher): qn
                Title: Química Nova
                Abbreviated Title: Quím. Nova
                Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                ISSN: 1678-7064
                Publication date (Print): July 2006
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 776-785
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0100-40422006000400026
                DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422006000400026
                SO-VID: 6d9e2665-b005-449e-850f-b08e9140633c
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-4042&lng=en
                Categories
                Subject: CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General chemistry
                Keywords: chitosan,hydrossoluble derivatives,pharmaceutical applications
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General chemistry
                Keywords: chitosan, hydrossoluble derivatives, pharmaceutical applications

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