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      Nanotechnology in reproductive medicine: Opportunities for clinical translation

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          Abstract

          In recent years, nanotechnology has revolutionized global healthcare and has been predicted to exert a remarkable effect on clinical medicine. In this context, the clinical use of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis, fertility preservation, and the management of infertility and other pathologies linked to pubertal development, menopause, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) has substantial promise to fill the existing lacunae in reproductive healthcare. Of late, a number of clinical trials involving the use of nanoparticles for the early detection of reproductive tract infections and cancers, targeted drug delivery, and cellular therapeutics have been conducted. However, most of these trials of nanoengineering are still at a nascent stage, and better synergy between pharmaceutics, chemistry, and cutting-edge molecular sciences is needed for effective translation of these interventions from bench to bedside. To bridge the gap between translational outcome and product development, strategic partnerships with the insight and ability to anticipate challenges, as well as an in-depth understanding of the molecular pathways involved, are highly essential. Such amalgamations would overcome the regulatory gauntlet and technical hurdles, thereby facilitating the effective clinical translation of these nano-based tools and technologies. The present review comprehensively focuses on emerging applications of nanotechnology, which holds enormous promise for improved therapeutics and early diagnosis of various human reproductive tract diseases and conditions.

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          Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

          Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (e.g., natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules. The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed. In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area.
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            Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature

            Infertility and problems of impaired fecundity have been a concern through ages and is also a significant clinical problem today, which affects 8–12% of couples worldwide. Of all infertility cases, approximately 40–50% is due to “male factor” infertility and as many as 2% of all men will exhibit suboptimal sperm parameters. It may be one or a combination of low sperm concentration, poor sperm motility, or abnormal morphology. The rates of infertility in less industrialized nations are markedly higher and infectious diseases are responsible for a greater proportion of infertility. The present literature will help in knowing the trends of male factor infertility in developing nations like India and to find out in future, various factors that may be responsible for male infertility.
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              Therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles and routes of administration

              In modern-day medicine, nanotechnology and nanoparticles are some of the indispensable tools in disease monitoring and therapy. The term “nanomaterials” describes materials with nanoscale dimensions (< 100 nm) and are broadly classified into natural and synthetic nanomaterials. However, “engineered” nanomaterials have received significant attention due to their versatility. Although enormous strides have been made in research and development in the field of nanotechnology, it is often confusing for beginners to make an informed choice regarding the nanocarrier system and its potential applications. Hence, in this review, we have endeavored to briefly explain the most commonly used nanomaterials, their core properties and how surface functionalization would facilitate competent delivery of drugs or therapeutic molecules. Similarly, the suitability of carbon-based nanomaterials like CNT and QD has been discussed for targeted drug delivery and siRNA therapy. One of the biggest challenges in the formulation of drug delivery systems is fulfilling targeted/specific drug delivery, controlling drug release and preventing opsonization. Thus, a different mechanism of drug targeting, the role of suitable drug-laden nanocarrier fabrication and methods to augment drug solubility and bioavailability are discussed. Additionally, different routes of nanocarrier administration are discussed to provide greater understanding of the biological and other barriers and their impact on drug transport. The overall aim of this article is to facilitate straightforward perception of nanocarrier design, routes of various nanoparticle administration and the challenges associated with each drug delivery method.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Exp Reprod Med
                Clin Exp Reprod Med
                CERM
                Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
                Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine
                2233-8233
                2233-8241
                December 2020
                16 November 2020
                : 47
                : 4
                : 245-262
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
                [2 ]School of Life Sciences, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
                [3 ]Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Pradyumna Kumar Mishra Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Kamla Nehru Hospital Building (GMC Campus), Bhopal (MP) 462001, India Tel: +91-755-2533106 Fax: +91-755-2533976 E-mail: pkm_8bh@ 123456yahoo.co.uk
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this article.

                [**]

                This work was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-2191
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-2819
                Article
                cerm-2020-03650
                10.5653/cerm.2020.03650
                7711096
                33227186
                6dcc253d-3863-4ea5-b8ec-b0be1133f6f3
                Copyright © 2020. THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 March 2020
                : 21 May 2020
                : 19 June 2020
                Categories
                Review Article

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                nanomedicine,nanosensors,nanotherapy,reproductive health,translational research

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