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      Multiparametric statistical correlations between paranasal sinus anatomic variations and chronic rhinosinusitis

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          SUMMARY

          Improvements in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and computed tomography (CT) have concurrently increased interest in the anatomy of the paranasal region. Common anatomical variations are not rare in patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the incidence of anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall in a series of 200 patients with persistent symptoms of rhinosinusitis, after failure of medical therapies, and their correlation with paranasal sinus disease. A detailed analysis of CT scans showed that 140 of 200 (70%) patients had anatomic variations. In particular, 122 patients (87%) were affected by common anatomic variations, and 18 patients (13%) with uncommon variations. There were 85 (60.7%) male and 55 (39.3%) females with ages ranging from 13 to 77 years (mean 45.5 years). The maxillary sinus was most commonly involved, followed by the anterior ethmoid, frontal sinus, posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinus. Statistically significant association was found between the presence of common anatomic variations – septal deviation, bilateral concha bullosa, medial deviation of uncinate process, Haller cell, ethmoidal bulla hypertrophic, agger nasi cell – and the presence of sinus mucosal disease (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between other common and uncommon anatomic variations and mucosal pathologies. The associations were evaluated using the Fisher's exact test, and compared with those reported in the literature. Considering the results obtained, we believe that some anatomic variations may increase the risk of sinus mucosal disease. We therefore emphasize the importance of a careful evaluation of CT study in patients with persistent symptoms and recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis in order to identify those with anatomical variations that may have an increased risk of developing rhinosinusitis.

          RIASSUNTO

          Il perfezionamento della chirurgia endoscopica funzionale dei seni paranasali (FESS) e della tomografia computerizzata (TC) hanno aumentato l'interesse per l'anatomia della regione dei seni paranasali. Varianti anatomiche comuni non sono rare nei pazienti affetti da rinosinusite cronica. Scopo di questo studio retrospettivo è stato quello di analizzare l'incidenza di varianti anatomiche della parete laterale del naso in una serie di 200 pazienti con sintomi persistenti di rinosinusite dopo il fallimento di terapie mediche e la loro correlazione con la patologia dei seni paranasali. Una dettagliata analisi della TC ha mostrato che 140/200 pazienti (70%) presentavano varianti anatomiche. In particolare, 122 pazienti (87%) erano affetti da varianti anatomiche comuni, mentre 18 pazienti (13%) da varianti anatomiche non comuni. Ottantacinque pazienti (60,7%) erano di sesso maschile mentre 55 (39,3%) di sesso femminile, di età compresa tra i 13 e i 77 anni (età media 45,5 anni). Il seno mascellare è stato quello più interessato, seguito dall'etmoide anteriore, dal seno frontale, dall'etmoide posteriore e dal seno sfenoidale. È stata riscontrata un'associazione statisticamente significativa fra la presenza delle seguenti varianti comuni quali deviazione del setto nasale, concha bullosa bilaterale, deviazione mediale del processo uncinato, cellula di Haller, bulla etmoidale ipertrofica, cellula dell'agger nasi e la presenza di patologia dei seni paranasali (p < 0,05). Non è stata trovata alcuna correlazione statisticamente significativa fra altre varianti anatomiche e la patologia dei seni paranasali. Le associazioni sono state valutate utilizzando il test esatto di Fisher, e confrontati con quelli riportati in letteratura. Considerando i risultati ottenuti, riteniamo che solo alcune varianti anatomiche possono aumentare il rischio di patologia sinusale. Abbiamo quindi enfatizzato l'importanza di un'attenta valutazione dello studio TC nei pazienti con sintomi persistenti e ricorrenti di rinosinusite cronica al fine di identificare i pazienti portatori di varianti anatomiche a maggior rischio per lo sviluppo di rinosinusite.

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          Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery.

          Coronal plane computerized tomographic (CT) scanning has dramatically improved the imaging of paranasal sinus anatomy as compared to sinus radiographs. Increasingly, subtle bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities of this region are being detected. Data regarding the "background" prevalence of these findings are needed to determine their clinical relevance. A detailed analysis of coronal plane CT scans of the paranasal sinuses obtained in 202 consecutively imaged patients was conducted. Special attention was directed toward identifying bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities. Anatomic variations studied included pneumatization of the middle turbinate, paradoxical curvature of the middle turbinate, Haller's cells, and pneumatization of the uncinate process. Such bony anatomic variations were detected in 131 (64.9%) of 202 patients and were found with a similar frequency in patients scanned for sinus complaints and in those scanned for nonsinus reasons. Mucosal abnormalities were detected in 168 (83.2%) of 202 patients. For those patients scanned during the evaluation of sinus-like complaints, mucosal abnormalities were noted in 153 (92.2%) of 166 cases, and were predominantly detected in the anterior ethmoid region. For patients scanned during nonsinus evaluations, mucosal abnormalities were detected in 15 (41.7%) of 36 cases, without predilection for the anterior ethmoid region. Discussion regarding the prevalence and clinical significance of paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities is included as a guide to assist the otolaryngologist and/or radiologist in the evaluation of coronal sinus CT scans.
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            The incidence of concha bullosa and its relationship to nasal septal deviation and paranasal sinus disease.

            The incidence of middle turbinate pneumatization, or concha bullosa, has been well described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated concha bullosa in relation to nasal septal deviation. We sought to analyze the incidence of concha bullosa and any correlation with nasal septal deviation and paranasal sinus disease. Three neuroradiologists retrospectively reviewed findings of 1095 consecutive paranasal sinus CT studies conducted between 2001 and 2002. All examinations were performed for evaluation of a symptom referable to the sinonasal region. Paranasal sinus inflammatory disease was identified and graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal sinuses were each graded separately on both sides. If a concha bullosa was present, it was graded in size as small, moderate, or large. If bilateral concha were present, sizes were compared and when one was larger, it was identified as dominant. When nasal septal deviation was present, it was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The direction of nasal septal deviation was identified as the face of the convex surface. There was a clear association between the presence of a unilateral concha, or a dominant concha (in the case of bilateral concha), and the presence of nasal septal deviation (P < .0001). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the presence of concha bullosa and deviation of the nasal septal to the contralateral side (P < .0001). This inverse association was present regardless of the size of the concha bullosa or degree of septal deviation. In every case, there was some preservation of air channels between the dominant concha and the nasal septum. Seventy-three percent of patients with concha bullosa had paranasal sinus inflammatory disease; 78% of patients without concha bullosa also had some form of inflammatory disease. Concha bullosa is a common anatomic variant. There is a strong association between the presence of a concha bullosa and contralateral deviation of the nasal septum. Nasal septal deviation away from the dominant concha, with preserved adjacent air channels, suggests that the deviation is not a direct result of mass effect from the concha. No increased incidence of paranasal sinus disease exists in patients with concha bullosa. Copyright American Society of Neuroradiology
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              Anatomic variants in sinonasal CT.

              W Earwaker (1993)
              The computed tomographic scans obtained in a series of 800 patients referred for evaluation for functional endoscopic sinus surgery were examined to determine the prevalence and significance of anatomic variants. Fifty-two normal variants were identified within two major groupings of primary bony abnormalities and sinus air cell extensions. Although 743 (93%) patients had one or more variants, the nature of the variants in many instances was such that 325 (41%) patients could be considered "endoscopically" normal. Among the remaining cases, variations of the septum and middle turbinates, with or without anterior ethmoid sinus extensions, were found, usually in recognizable combinations, that could produce significant obstruction of the drainage pathways. However, where such obstructive patterns existed, an equal prevalence of patients with and without sinus disease was found in the presence of the same variant combination. Thus, the presence of anatomic variations, singly or in combination, does not represent a disease state per se.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SpA
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                August 2012
                : 32
                : 4
                : 244-251
                Affiliations
                ENT DEPT San Luigi Gonzaga, University Hospital, Turin, Italy;
                [1 ] ASL TO3 Turin Public Health Unit, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Gian Luca Fadda, via Juvarra 9/E, 10072 Caselle Torinese (Turin), Italy. Tel. +39 11 9026463. Fax +39 11 9026583. E-mail: gl.fadda@ 123456libero.it
                Article
                Pacini
                3468938
                23093814
                6de188b3-503f-4a98-8cb4-58a78200d882
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 23 November 2011
                : 09 March 2012
                Categories
                Rhinology

                Otolaryngology
                anatomic variations,paranasal sinuses,chronic rhinosinusitis,endoscopic sinus surgery,computed tomography

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