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      ¿Cómo mejorar la perspectiva integrativa de los médicos clínicos?: una revisión acerca de los grupos Balint y los grupos de reflexión (I) Translated title: How to improve the integrative approach in clinicians: a review of Balint and reflection groups (I)

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Los grupos Balint, tardíamente reconocidos por las especialidades médicas en nuestro país, significaron una importante aportación para la formación y la formación continuada del personal sanitario y, a mi entender, del personal de todos los servicios asistenciales. Pero son solo una aportación para un modelo asistencial: el modelo basado en la asistencia pública, la solidaridad, el comunitarismo y la atención integral. En ese sentido, las ideologías, políticas y economías neoliberales en el ámbito asistencial proponen otro modelo de asistencia y de formación (¿o deformación?) de los médicos y del personal asistencial. Su progresivo avance es una de las explicaciones fundamentales del declive en el uso de procedimientos de formación integral, formación continuada y formación para la reparatividad. Precisamente, esos eran los objetivos básicos de los grupos Balint y de los grupos de reflexión, los que los llevaron a ocupar un lugar relevante durante los años ochenta y noventa del siglo XX en la formación de los especialistas de medicina de familia y comunitaria en numerosos países del “primer y segundo mundos” En este trabajo se realiza una breve descripción de la difusión y extensión de los grupos “tipo Balint” tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Apoyándome en otros trabajos anteriores sobre el tema, se apuntan algunas de sus variantes y aplicaciones. Mi perspectiva actual es que los grupos de reflexión, como sistemas de formación y contención del personal comunitario, siguen siendo una técnica o sistema que podría ayudar de forma importante a lograr esos objetivos. Sin embargo, están siendo progresivamente arrinconados en los sistemas de formación occidentales con el silencio cómplice de numerosos administradores y docentes sanitarios, psicoanalistas incluidos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Balint groups, belatedly recognized by medical specialties in our country, meant an important contribution to the training and continuing education of health personnel, and, in my opinion, of personnel across all healthcare services. However, they are only a part of a welfare model: the model based on public assistance, solidarity, communitarianism, and comprehensive care. In this regard, neoliberal ideologies, policies and economies in care settings propose another model of assistance and “formation” (or deformation?) of doctors and health care personnel. Its progressive advance is one of the fundamental explanations for the decline in the use of comprehensive training procedures, ongoing training, and training for reparation. Precisely, these were the basic objectives of Balint and reflection groups, which led them to play a relevant part in the training of family and community medicine specialists in many first and second world countries during the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century. In this paper a brief description of the diffusion and extension of Balint-type groups is made, both nationally and internationally. Drawing on other previous works on the subject, some of their variants and applications are pointed out. My current perspective is that reflection groups, as systems of containment and training of care and community personnel, continue to be a technique or system that could provide important support for these objectives. However, they are being progressively cornered in Western training systems with the complicit silence of many health administrators and teachers, including psychoanalysts.

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          Most cited references46

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          Calibrating the physician. Personal awareness and effective patient care. Working Group on Promoting Physician Personal Awareness, American Academy on Physician and Patient.

          Physicians' personal characteristics, their past experiences, values, attitudes, and biases can have important effects on communication with patients; being aware of these characteristics can enhance communication. Because medical training and continuing education programs rarely undertake an organized approach to promoting personal awareness, we propose a "curriculum" of 4 core topics for reflection and discussion. The topics are physicians' beliefs and attitudes, physicians' feelings and emotional responses in patient care, challenging clinical situations, and physician self-care. We present examples of organized activities that can promote physician personal awareness such as support groups, Balint groups, and discussions of meaningful experiences in medicine. Experience with these activities suggests that through enhancing personal awareness physicians can improve their clinical care and increase satisfaction with work, relationships, and themselves.
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            What shapes GPs' work with depressed patients? A qualitative interview study.

            The ways that GPs treat depressed patients have been criticized in a number of studies. To explore factors that shape how GPs work with depressed patients. Seventeen GPs from the county of Orebro, Sweden participated in a qualitative semi-structured interview study. GPs' conceptions of factors shaping their way of working with depressed patients, especially continuing medical education (CME), commercial information, inter-collegial support, collaboration with psychiatrists and GPs' gender were recorded. Private life experiences as well as professional experiences from family medicine were more often stressed as formative factors than university education and training in psychiatry. Groups of GPs discussisng the doctor-patient relationship set out from real cases (Balint groups) and CME groups were regarded as good forms of education. Most GPs considered company-sponsored lectures valuable. Commercial drug information was seen as more powerful than non-commercial information and GPs wished for more non-commercial information. Collaboration with psychiatry consultants was perceived as insufficient, and GPs felt a need for more inter-collegial support. Traditional female qualities were generally seen as advantageous in the work with depressed patients. Many GPs consider personal qualities and experiences, including those of gender, to be more influential than academic education and professional literature. This reflects a preference for individual 'tacit knowledge'. Although tacit knowledge is indispensable in consultations, the low priority given to theoretical CME may make GPs less inclined to make optimal use of different therapeutic alternatives and also less critical of commercial marketing. CME on depression should start with GPs' individual tacit knowledge and assume a more independent stance from the drug industry.
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              El modelo biopsicosocial en evolución

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                neuropsiq
                Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría
                Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq.
                Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0211-5735
                2340-2733
                December 2019
                : 39
                : 136
                : 19-43
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat Ramon Llull Spain
                Article
                S0211-57352019000200002 S0211-5735(19)03913600002
                10.4321/s0211-57352019000200002
                6e4937d1-4899-4202-b30b-31fd0c03202c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 September 2019
                : 06 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 108, Pages: 25
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos

                grupos Balint,doctor-patient relationship,liaison psychiatry,psychosomatics,reflection groups,Balint groups,mental health training,groups,relación médico-paciente,psiquiatría de enlace,psicosomática,grupos de reflexión,formación en salud mental,grupos

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