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Abstract
The APC(Cdh1) E3 ligase is active in the late M and G(1) phases. Geminin is a direct
substrate of the APC(Cdh1) complex, and accumulates during the S, G(2), and M phases.
By fusing the amino-terminal region of Geminin to fluorescent proteins, we have developed
cell cycle markers that accumulate in the S/G(2)/M phases in both the nucleus and
the cytoplasm. These markers reveal the morphology of individual cells that have undergone
DNA replication, allowing us to monitor cell growth relative to differentiation of
various cell types. After electroporating the developing mouse embryos, we highlighted
neuroepithelial progenitors in the S/G(2)/M phases, which possessed an elongated morphology
with an apical and/or a basal attachment. We also show that nuclear localization of
the ubiquitin ligase for Geminin is essential for full performance of the markers.