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      Effects of Electrolytic Lesion of Medial Septum on Some Immune Responses in Rats

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          Abstract

          Background/Aim: Considering the modulatory role of medial septum (MS) on behavioral and autonomic activities, and its neural connections with other brain areas having effects on the immune system, the role of MS on some immune responses has been investigated. Methods: Hyperreactivity scores, total count and differential count of WBC, phagocytic activity of blood WBC, leukocyte adhesive inhibition index (LAI), delayed type of hypersensitive (DTH) reaction and serum corticosterone (CORT) concentration were measured in MS-lesioned, sham-operated and control rats after 2 and 3 weeks of operation. The results of MS-lesioned rats were compared to those in the control and sham-operated rats. Results: The hyperreactivity score was not changed in the MS-lesioned rats. The phagocytic activity of blood WBC was increased but the DTH reaction and percentage of LAI were decreased in the MS-lesioned rats compared to the control and sham-operated rats 2 weeks after surgery. The serum CORT concentration was increased in the MS-lesioned rats compared to the control and sham-operated rats 2 weeks after surgery. After 3 weeks of MS lesion these immunological parameters and CORT concentration returned back to the normal values indicating a transient change of these parameters. Conclusion: This study concludes a complex and differential regulatory role of MS in the immune functions which are not linked with the hyperreactive behavior in rats. This immunoregulation of MS appears to be different from that of the lateral septum like their dissimilar modulatory roles in some behaviors.

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          Most cited references33

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          The connections of the septal region in the rat.

          The efferent, afferent and intrinsic connections of the septal region have been analyzed in the rat with the autoradiographic method. The lateral septal nucleus, which can be divided into dorsal, intermediate and ventral parts, receives its major input from the hippocampal formation and projects to the medial septal-diagonal band complex. The ventral part of the nucleus also sends fibers through the medial forebrain bundle to the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, to the lateral hypothalamic area and the dorsomedial nucleus, to the mammillary body (including the supramammillary region), and to the ventral tegmental area. The medial septal nucleus/diagonal band complex projects back to the hippocampal formation by way of the dorsal fornix, fimbria, and possibly the cingulum. Both nuclei also project through the medial forebrain bundle to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, to the lateral hypothalamic area, and to the mammillary complex. The medial septal nucleus also sends fibers to the midbrain (the ventral tegmental area and raphe nuclei) and to the parataenial nucleus of the thalamus, while the nucleus of the diagonal band has an additional projection to the anterior limbic area. Ascending inputs to the medial septal nucleus/diagonal band complex arise in several hypothalamic nuclei and in the brainstem aminergic cell groups. The posterior septal nuclei (the septofimbrial and triangular nuclei) receive their major input from the hippocampal formation, and project in a topographically ordered manner upon the habenular nuclei and the interpeduncular nuclear complex. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis receives its major input from the amygdala (Krettek and Price, '78); but other afferents arise from the ventral subiculum, the ventromedial nucleus, and the brainstem aminergic cell groups. The principal output of the bed nucleus is through the medial forebrain bundle to the substantia innominata, the nucleus accumbens, most parts of the hypothalamus and the preoptic area, the central tegmental fields of the midbrain, the ventral tegmental area, the dorsal and median nuclei of the raphe, and the locus coeruleus. The bed nucleus also projects to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, the parataenial and paraventricular nuclei, and the medial habenular nucleus, and through the stria terminalis to the medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, and to the amygdalo-hippocampal transition area.
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            Neural-immune interactions: an integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and immune systems.

            This review briefly summarizes a part of the relevant knowledge base of neuroimmunology, with particular emphasis on bidirectional neural-immune interactions. These complex systems interact at multiple levels. Both neuroendocrine (the primary hormonal pathway is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and neuronal (direct sympathetic innervation of the lymphoid organs) pathways are involved in the control of the humoral and cellular immune responses. Although, the recent evidence has been made on immunosuppressive effect of acetylcholine-secreting neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. The immune system, in turn, influences the central nervous system primarily through cytokines. At the molecular level, neuro- and immune signal molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, cytokines) or their receptors are member of the same superfamily which enable the mutual neuroimmune communication. Most extensively studied are cytokine-neuropeptide/neurotransmitter interactions and the subcellular and molecular mechanisms of these interactions. At the system (neuroanatomical) level, advances in neural-immune communication have been made in the role of discrete brain areas related to emotionality. The immunoenhancement, including the antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic activity, related to the "brain reward system", limbic structures and neocortex, offers a new directions for therapy in immune disorders.
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              Regulation of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NIM
                Neuroimmunomodulation
                10.1159/issn.1021-7401
                Neuroimmunomodulation
                S. Karger AG
                1021-7401
                1423-0216
                2011
                June 2011
                09 March 2011
                : 18
                : 4
                : 232-239
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Physiology, University Colleges of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, and bDepartment of Physiology, West Bengal State University Barasat, Kolkata, India
                Author notes
                *Prof. Tusharkanti Ghosh, Department of Physiology, University Colleges of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700 009 (India), Tel. +91 943 325 1974, E-Mail tushar_physiol2009@yahoo.in
                Article
                324122 Neuroimmunomodulation 2011;18:232–239
                10.1159/000324122
                21389738
                6e8237c4-4f1e-474a-9063-cf9b5d0ffc8a
                © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 12 August 2010
                : 23 December 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Fluorescence-activated cell sorting,Medial septum,Immunomodulation,Lesion,Leukocyte adhesive inhibition index

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