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      Comorbilidad del trastorno de hiperactividad con déficit de atención (THDA) en una muestra poblacional de niños y adolescentes escolares, Sabaneta, Colombia, 2001 Translated title: Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a childhood and adolescent student population based sample, Colombia, 2001

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          Abstract

          INTRODUCCIÓN: el THDA coexiste frecuentemente con diferentes entidades como el trastorno desafiante oposicional, alteraciones de la conducta o del afecto, ansiedad, dislexia y síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette. Una adecuada comprensión de esta asociación es fundamental para orientar un tratamiento exitoso, lo cual influye y mejora el pronóstico. La prevalencia en nuestro medio es del 15%. Constituye el más importante problema comportamental del escolar. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de la comorbilidad del THDA. METODOLOGÍA: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Muestra representativa, al azar, polietápica, proporcional al tamaño de los grupos de escolares entre 4 y 17 años. Medición en dos etapas: inicialmente aplicación de formulario de tamización según criterios del DSM-IV. Luego entrevista estructurada, pruebas de Conners y nivel de inteligencia. La entrevista incluye los criterios diagnósticos para las diferentes comorbilidades según elementos diagnósticos del DSM-IV. RESULTADOS: la evaluación especializada permitió encontrar las dificultades del aprendizaje (15,1%) como la comorbilidad más frecuente, seguida por el trastorno desafiante-oposicional (5,0%), ansiedad generalizada (2,7%), trastorno de la conducta (2,7%), fobias (2,3%), depresión (1,8%), trastorno bipolar (1,8%), trastorno obsesivo (0,9%) y epilepsia (0,9%). CONCLUSIONES: el trastorno más frecuentemente asociado al THDA fue dificultades del aprendizaje -TA- (15.1%). La búsqueda sistemática de esta comorbilidad representa un elemento central en el abordaje exitoso del niño con THDA.

          Translated abstract

          THDA is frequently accompanied by comorbid conditions like oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, affective disorders, dyslexia and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. A comprehensive evaluation of these associations is important to guide the treatment and has relevance in the prognosis. The prevalence in Sabaneta, Colombia, is 15%. It makes THDA the most frequent neurobehavioural disorder in childhood. METHODS: Descriptive, transversal study. Sample: random representative, poliaged, proportional according to group size for primary school students between 4 and 17 years of age. First stage ADHD screening checklist according to DSM-IV criteria. Second stage: structured neuropsychological interview, Conner´s checklist and intelligence quotient. The interview included DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for comorbidity. RESULTS: learning disorder was the most frequent comorbidity (15,1%), followed by oppositional defiant disorder (5%), generalized anxiety (2,7%), conduct disorders (2,7%), phobias (2,3), depression (1,8%), bipolar disorder (1,8%). Epilepsy and obsessive compulsive disorder represented each 0,9%. CONCLUSION: Learning Disorder is the most frequent comorbidity in children with THDA. The search for this comorbid condition represents a central hallmark in the successful evaluation and treatment of this condition.

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          Most cited references25

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          The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study.

          The psychiatric outcome is reported for a large sample of hyperactive children (N = 123), meeting research diagnostic criteria, and normal control children (N = 66) followed prospectively over an 8-year period into adolescence. Over 80% of the hyperactives were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 60% had either oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder at outcome. Rates of antisocial acts were considerably higher among hyperactives than normals, as were cigarette and marijuana use and negative academic outcomes. The presence of conduct disorder accounted for much though not all of these outcomes. Family status of hyperactives was much less stable over time than in the normal subjects. The use of research criteria for diagnosing children as hyperactive identifies a pattern of behavioral symptoms that is highly stable over time and associated with considerably greater risk for family disturbance and negative academic and social outcomes in adolescence than has been previously reported.
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            Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders.

            Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology. Little is known about the comorbidity of this disorder with disorders other than conduct. Therefore, the authors made a systematic search of the psychiatric and psychological literature for empirical studies dealing with the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with other disorders. The search terms included hyperactivity, hyperkinesis, attention deficit disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cross-referenced with antisocial disorder (aggression, conduct disorder, antisocial disorder), depression (depression, mania, depressive disorder, bipolar), anxiety (anxiety disorder, anxiety), learning problems (learning, learning disability, academic achievement), substance abuse (alcoholism, drug abuse), mental retardation, and Tourette's disorder. The literature supports considerable comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, and other disorders, such as mental retardation, Tourette's syndrome, and borderline personality disorder. Subgroups of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder might be delineated on the basis of the disorder's comorbidity with other disorders. These subgroups may have differing risk factors, clinical courses, and pharmacological responses. Thus, their proper identification may lead to refinements in preventive and treatment strategies. Investigation of these issues should help to clarify the etiology, course, and outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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              Childhood conduct problems, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention as predictors of adult criminal activity.

              This study reconsiders the relationship of childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and childhood conduct problems with adult criminal activity by clarifying the role of the cardinal behaviors associated with the DSM-IV ADHD subtypes (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity). Since their childhood (average age 9 years), 230 male and 75 female subjects have been followed prospectively and were interviewed as young adults (average age 26 at follow-up). Early childhood behavior ratings by parents and teachers were examined to determine the role of conduct problems, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention in predicting adult criminal involvement as measured by both official arrest records and self-report. Results show that both hyperactivity-impulsivity and early conduct problems independently, as well as jointly, predict a greater likelihood of having an arrest record for males, but not for females. For male subjects with 10 or more self-reported crimes, both early conduct problems and hyperactivity-impulsivity were significant predictors, both alone and in combination. Therefore, it appears that predominantly the symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not inattention, contribute to the risk for criminal involvement over and above the risk associated with early conduct problems alone.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                iat
                Iatreia
                Iatreia
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0121-0793
                June 2007
                : 20
                : 2
                : 101-110
                Affiliations
                [01] Medellín orgnameUniversidad deAntioquia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento Pediatría Colombia
                [05] Medellín orgnameUniversidad deAntioquia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [03] Medellín orgnameInstituto Seguro Social Antioquia Colombia
                [02] Medellín orgnameUniversidad deAntioquia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [04] Medellín orgnameUniversidad deAntioquia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                Article
                S0121-07932007000200001 S0121-0793(07)02000201
                6ea9991b-4836-4b53-ae86-3bbde8e237f9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 September 2006
                : 06 February 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Investigación Original

                ANXIETY,COMORBIDITY,CONDUCT DISORDER,DSM-IV,LEARNING DISORDER,TRASTORNO OPOSICIONISTA DESAFIANTE,TRASTORNO DEL APRENDIZAJE,TRASTORNO DE CONDUCTA,THDA,COMORBILIDAD,ANSIEDAD,OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER

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