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      PAL2NAL: robust conversion of protein sequence alignments into the corresponding codon alignments

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 ,   1 , 1 , 2 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nucleic Acids Research
      Publisher: Oxford University Press

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          Abstract

          PAL2NAL is a web server that constructs a multiple codon alignment from the corresponding aligned protein sequences. Such codon alignments can be used to evaluate the type and rate of nucleotide substitutions in coding DNA for a wide range of evolutionary analyses, such as the identification of levels of selective constraint acting on genes, or to perform DNA-based phylogenetic studies. The server takes a protein sequence alignment and the corresponding DNA sequences as input. In contrast to other existing applications, this server is able to construct codon alignments even if the input DNA sequence has mismatches with the input protein sequence, or contains untranslated regions and polyA tails. The server can also deal with frame shifts and inframe stop codons in the input models, and is thus suitable for the analysis of pseudogenes. Another distinct feature is that the user can specify a subregion of the input alignment in order to specifically analyze functional domains or exons of interest. The PAL2NAL server is available at http://www.bork.embl.de/pal2nal.

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          The Bioperl toolkit: Perl modules for the life sciences.

          Jason E Stajich, David Block, Kris Boulez … (2002)
          The Bioperl project is an international open-source collaboration of biologists, bioinformaticians, and computer scientists that has evolved over the past 7 yr into the most comprehensive library of Perl modules available for managing and manipulating life-science information. Bioperl provides an easy-to-use, stable, and consistent programming interface for bioinformatics application programmers. The Bioperl modules have been successfully and repeatedly used to reduce otherwise complex tasks to only a few lines of code. The Bioperl object model has been proven to be flexible enough to support enterprise-level applications such as EnsEMBL, while maintaining an easy learning curve for novice Perl programmers. Bioperl is capable of executing analyses and processing results from programs such as BLAST, ClustalW, or the EMBOSS suite. Interoperation with modules written in Python and Java is supported through the evolving BioCORBA bridge. Bioperl provides access to data stores such as GenBank and SwissProt via a flexible series of sequence input/output modules, and to the emerging common sequence data storage format of the Open Bioinformatics Database Access project. This study describes the overall architecture of the toolkit, the problem domains that it addresses, and gives specific examples of how the toolkit can be used to solve common life-sciences problems. We conclude with a discussion of how the open-source nature of the project has contributed to the development effort.
          Article 0 comments Cited 714 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A codon-based model of nucleotide substitution for protein-coding DNA sequences.

            (1994)
            A codon-based model for the evolution of protein-coding DNA sequences is presented for use in phylogenetic estimation. A Markov process is used to describe substitutions between codons. Transition/transversion rate bias and codon usage bias are allowed in the model, and selective restraints at the protein level are accommodated using physicochemical distances between the amino acids coded for by the codons. Analyses of two data sets suggest that the new codon-based model can provide a better fit to data than can nucleotide-based models and can produce more reliable estimates of certain biologically important measures such as the transition/transversion rate ratio and the synonymous/nonsynonymous substitution rate ratio.
            Article 0 comments Cited 557 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              RevTrans: Multiple alignment of coding DNA from aligned amino acid sequences.

              Rasmus Wernersson, Anders Pedersen (2003)
              The simple fact that proteins are built from 20 amino acids while DNA only contains four different bases, means that the 'signal-to-noise ratio' in protein sequence alignments is much better than in alignments of DNA. Besides this information-theoretical advantage, protein alignments also benefit from the information that is implicit in empirical substitution matrices such as BLOSUM-62. Taken together with the generally higher rate of synonymous mutations over non-synonymous ones, this means that the phylogenetic signal disappears much more rapidly from DNA sequences than from the encoded proteins. It is therefore preferable to align coding DNA at the amino acid level and it is for this purpose we have constructed the program RevTrans. RevTrans constructs a multiple DNA alignment by: (i) translating the DNA; (ii) aligning the resulting peptide sequences; and (iii) building a multiple DNA alignment by 'reverse translation' of the aligned protein sequences. In the resulting DNA alignment, gaps occur in groups of three corresponding to entire codons, and analogous codon positions are therefore always lined up. These features are useful when constructing multiple DNA alignments for phylogenetic analysis. RevTrans also accepts user-provided protein alignments for greater control of the alignment process. The RevTrans web server is freely available at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/RevTrans/.
              Article 0 comments Cited 204 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nucleic Acids Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Nucleic Acids Research
                Title: Nucleic Acids Research
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0305-1048
                ISSN (Electronic): 1362-4962
                Publication date Collection: 01 July 2006
                Publication date (Print): 01 July 2006
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 July 2006
                Volume: 34
                Issue: Web Server issue
                Pages: W609-W612
                Affiliations
                1European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1 D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
                2Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13092 Berlin-Buch Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 6221 387 8526; Fax: +49 6221 387 8517; Email addresses: bork@ 123456embl.de
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl315
                PMC ID: 1538804
                PubMed ID: 16845082
                SO-VID: 6eb6fcf5-8dea-4a7c-9d77-da810d2da913
                Copyright © © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
                License:

                The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

                History
                Date received : 03 April 2006
                Date revision received : 06 April 2006
                Date accepted : 11 April 2006
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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