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      Benign multiple sclerosis: aspects of cognition and neuroimaging

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The existence of a benign multiple sclerosis (BMS) form is a controversial subject. Recent studies of these patients reveal different levels of cognitive impairment, despite the apparent preservation of motor function. The objective of this study was to review and analyze a number of publications that discuss the general aspects of this disease form, such as the definition criteria, prevalence, and clinical and neuroimaging markers. A systematic review of published data on BMS up to October 2015 was performed. Thirty-one published articles were analyzed. The estimated frequency of BMS varied between 6% and 73%. Cognitive impairment was recognized as affecting 17% to 47% of the subjects and presented significant correlation with neuroimaging, such as brain atrophy, increased lesion volume in T2 magnetic resonance assay, and regional grey matter atrophy. The current criteria overestimated the frequency of BMS and, for that reason, this highlights the importance of validating the diagnostic methods practiced.

          Abstract

          RESUMO A existência real de uma forma benigna da esclerose múltipla (EMB) é um tema controverso. Ampliar o número de publicações que abordam os aspectos gerais do subtipo da doença, tais como os critérios de definição utilizados, análise de prevalência e da presença de marcadores clínicos e de neuroimagem. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática dos dados publicados até outubro de 2015, relativa à EMB. Os dados encontrados foram dicotomizados em gráficos e, posteriormente, analisados. Foram analisados 31 artigos publicados. A frequência estimada EMB oscila entre 6% a 73%. O comprometimento cognitivo foi reconhecido em 17–47% dos sujeitos, apresentando correlação significativa com os aspectos de neuroimagem, como a atrofia cerebral global, aumento do volume lesional em T2 e atrofia regional da substância cinzenta. Os critérios atualmente utilizados superestimam a freqüência de EMB, e, por essa razão, destaca-se a importância da validação dos métodos de diagnóstico praticados.

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          Factors related to employment status changes in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

          In a sample of 50 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), participants able to work full-time ('W'), those who reduced their hours ('CB') and those who were unemployed ('NW') were compared on demographic and disease variables and symptoms that the participants identified as being responsible for their work status change. The NW group had significantly greater physical disability than the other two groups and significantly more fatigue than the W group. The CB group had significantly more years of education and higher occupational prestige ratings than the NW group. The W group reported significantly greater mood disturbance compared with the NW group. Employment status was unrelated to age, gender, full scale IQ estimate, disease duration, diagnosis duration or cognitive functioning. Ninety per cent of the CB group reported that fatigue was a primary symptom responsible for their work status change, whereas 86% of the NW group reported that broad physical/neurological symptoms were responsible for their change in work status.
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            Benign multiple sclerosis: cognitive, psychological and social aspects in a clinical cohort.

            A study of cognitive, psychological and social aspects in benign multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods One hundred and sixty three patients with benign MS (defined as disease duration > or = 15 years and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score < or = 3.0 ) underwent neuropsychological testing on the Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB) and the Stroop test, evaluation of depression on the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), of fatigue on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and of handicap on the Environmental Status Scale (ESS). Patients' cognitive performance was compared with that of 111 demographically matched healthy controls. Cognitive impairment was defined as the failure in at least 3 tests, using the fifth percentile of controls' performance as the cut-off point. Clinical correlates of cognitive impairment were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. Cognitive assessment led to the identification of 74 subjects (45%) with cognitive impairment. Significant fatigue was found in 80 subjects (49%) and depression in 88 patients (54%). In comparison with cognitively preserved subjects, cognitively impaired patients exhibited higher handicap scores on the ESS (p = 0.005). In the regression analysis, only EDSS scores were significantly associated with cognitive impairment (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.2-2.6). Current definitions of benign MS may overestimate this entity, since they are mainly weighted for the patients' motor abilities and fail to capture relevant disease-related cognitive, psychological and social problems.
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              The contribution of MRI in assessing cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.

              Cognitive impairment affects a large proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has a profound impact on their daily-life activities. Improving the knowledge of the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in MS and of the mechanisms responsible for its evolution over time might contribute to development of better outcome measures and targets for innovative treatment strategies. Due to their ability to detect MS-related abnormalities, MRI techniques are a valuable tool to achieve these goals. Following an updated overview of the assessment methods and profile of cognitive impairment in patients with MS, this review provides a state-of-the-art summary of the main results obtained from the application of conventional and modern magnetic resonance- based techniques to quantify MS-related damage, in terms of macroscopic lesions, as well as involvement of the normal-appearing white matter and gray matter and their association with cognitive impairment. The possible role of brain cortical reorganization in limiting the clinical consequences of disease-related damage is also discussed. Finally, the utility of the previous techniques to monitor the progression of cognitive deficits over time and the efficacy of possible therapeutic strategies is considered.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
                0004-282X
                June 2017
                June 2017
                : 75
                : 6
                : 394-401
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
                Article
                10.1590/0004-282x20170043
                6ebe2c8b-924c-40ca-b956-6856338ce02e
                © 2017
                History

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