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      Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. removal by bank filtration at Beberibe River, Brazil

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          Most cited references38

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          Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt.

          At least 325 water-associated outbreaks of parasitic protozoan disease have been reported. North American and European outbreaks accounted for 93% of all reports and nearly two-thirds of outbreaks occurred in North America. Over 30% of all outbreaks were documented from Europe, with the UK accounting for 24% of outbreaks, worldwide. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum account for the majority of outbreaks (132; 40.6% and 165; 50.8%, respectively), Entamoeba histolytica and Cyclospora cayetanensis have been the aetiological agents in nine (2.8%) and six (1.8%) outbreaks, respectively, while Toxoplasma gondii and Isospora belli have been responsible for three outbreaks each (0.9%) and Blastocystis hominis for two outbreaks (0.6%). Balantidium coli, the microsporidia, Acanthamoeba and Naegleria fowleri were responsible for one outbreak, each (0.3%). Their presence in aquatic ecosystems makes it imperative to develop prevention strategies for water and food safety. Human incidence and prevalence-based studies provide baseline data against which risk factors associated with waterborne and foodborne transmission can be identified. Standardized methods are required to maximize public health surveillance, while reporting lessons learned from outbreaks will provide better insight into the public health impact of waterborne pathogenic protozoa.
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            Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential.

            The reasons for considering giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease are presented, with emphasis on Giardia infections in child care centres, livestock and pets, and the role of zoonotic transmission. However, the aetiology and control of giardiasis is complicated by the genetic and phenotypic variability of Giardia species infective to mammals. Of particular significance has been the uncertainty about host specificity and the question of zoonotic transmission. The recent application of molecular characterisation procedures based on PCR has made an enormous contribution to an understanding of the genetic structure of Giardia populations, and this is reviewed in the context of the zoonotic transmission and molecular epidemiology of Giardia infections.
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              Effects of fluctuating river flow on groundwater/surface water mixing in the hyporheic zone of a regulated, large cobble bed river

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                River Research and Applications
                River Res Applic
                Wiley
                15351459
                September 2017
                September 2017
                May 17 2017
                : 33
                : 7
                : 1079-1087
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Campus Cabo de Santo Agostinho; Federal Institute of Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
                [2 ]Department of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Group; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
                [3 ]Department of Tropical Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
                [4 ]Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
                Article
                10.1002/rra.3151
                6ebf02c0-3104-4317-8c45-9667a70e7034
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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