Effects of different methods of reflection on nurses' gaze and judgement in a task using a touch panel

e-Learning has become a popular medium for delivering instruction in medical education. This innovative method of teaching offers unique learning opportunities for medical trainees. The purpose of this article is to define the present state of e-learning in pediatrics and how to best leverage e-learning for educational effectiveness and change in medical education. Through addressing under-examined and neglected areas in implementation strategies for e-learning, its usefulness in medical education can be expanded. This study used a systematic database review of published studies in the field of e-learning in pediatric training between 2003 and 2013. The search was conducted using educational and health databases: Scopus, ERIC, PubMed, and search engines Google and Hakia. A total of 72 reference articles were suitable for analysis. This review is supplemented by the use of "e-Learning Design Screening Questions" to define e-learning design and development in 10 randomly selected articles. Data analysis used template-based coding themes and counting of the categories using descriptive statistics.Our search for pediatric e-learning (using Google and Hakia) resulted in six well-defined resources designed to support the professional development of doctors, residents, and medical students. The majority of studies focused on instructional effectiveness and satisfaction. There were few studies about e-learning development, implementation, and needs assessments used to identify the institutional and learners' needs. Reviewed studies used various study designs, measurement tools, instructional time, and materials for e-learning interventions. e-Learning is a viable solution for medical educators faced with many challenges, including (1) promoting self-directed learning, (2) providing flexible learning opportunities that would offer continuous (24h/day/7 days a week) availability for learners, and (3) engaging learners through collaborative learning communities to gain significant learning and augment continuous professional development. Several important recommendations for faculty instructors interested in providing and/or improving e-learning activities for today's learners are detailed.

Over the past 2 decades, e-learning has evolved as a new pedagogy within pharmacy education. As learners and teachers increasingly seek e-learning opportunities for an array of educational and individual benefits, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. This systematic review of the literature examines the quality of e-learning effectiveness studies in pharmacy, describes effectiveness measures, and synthesizes the evidence for each measure. E-learning in pharmacy education effectively increases knowledge and is a highly acceptable instructional format for pharmacists and pharmacy students. However, there is limited evidence that e-learning effectively improves skills or professional practice. There is also no evidence that e-learning is effective at increasing knowledge long term; thus, long-term follow-up studies are required. Translational research is also needed to evaluate the benefits of e-learning at patient and organizational levels.

Web-based learning provides educational opportunities for students who are independent and self-directed. While the complexities of educational outcomes of web-based learning have not yet been completely documented, further studies are required using rigorous research design techniques to study the outcomes of web-based learning as compared to traditional face-to-face learning. The purposes of this study were to: (1) assess the learner outcomes of web-based learning as compared to face-to-face learning group, and (2) explore methods that maximize the use of web-based learning for continuing nursing education. A randomized controlled trial of web-based learning in comparison to face-to-face lectures for registered nurses or midwives was conducted. One hundred and one nurses and midwives were eligible to participate and 93 were randomized, 45 for the web-based learning and 48 for the face-to face group. Thirty-seven (82.2%) completed the web-based learning and 33 (68.8%) the face-to-face program. There was no difference in the post-test scores between the web-based learning group (mean=76.2) and the face-to-face learning group (mean=79.4) (t=0.66, df=68, p=0.51). There were three distinct advantages to the web-based group, even though both group demonstrated the same learning outcomes. First the dropout rate was lower in the web-based program. Second the flexibility of web-based learning was reported by several participants. Finally, web-based learning was attractive to an affordable for a wide age range of the nurses.