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      Common risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases among older adults in China, Ghana, Mexico, India, Russia and South Africa: the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) wave 1

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          Abstract

          Background

          Behavioral risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and the harmful use of alcohol are known and modifiable contributors to a number of NCDs and health mediators. The purpose of this paper is to describe the distribution of main risk factors for NCDs by socioeconomic status (SES) among adults aged 50 years and older within a country and compare these risk factors across six lower- and upper-middle income countries.

          Methods

          The study population in this paper draw from SAGE Wave 1 and consisted of adults aged 50-plus from China (N=13,157), Ghana (N=4,305), India (N=6,560), Mexico (N=2,318), the Russian Federation (N=3,938) and South Africa (N=3,836). Seven main common risk factors for NCDs were identified: daily tobacco use, frequent heavy drinking, low level physical activity, insufficient vegetable and fruit intake, high risk waist-hip ratio, obesity and hypertension. Multiple risk factors were also calculated by summing all these risk factors.

          Results

          The prevalence of daily tobacco use ranged from 7.7% (Ghana) to 46.9% (India), frequent heavy drinker was the highest in China (6.3%) and lowest in India (0.2%), and the highest prevalence of low physical activity was in South Africa (59.7%). The highest prevalence of respondents with high waist-to-hip ratio risk was 84.5% in Mexico, and the prevalence of self-reported hypertension ranging from 33% (India) to 78% (South Africa). Obesity was more common in South Africa, the Russia Federation and Mexico (45.2%, 36% and 28.6%, respectively) compared with China, India and Ghana (15.3%, 9.7% and 6.4%, respectively). China, Ghana and India had a higher prevalence of respondents with multiple risk factors than Mexico, the Russia Federation and South Africa. The occurrence of three and four risk factors was more prevalent in Mexico, the Russia Federation and South Africa.

          Conclusion

          There were substantial variations across countries and settings, even between upper-middle income countries and lower-middle income countries. The baseline information on the magnitude of the problem of risk factors provided by this study can help countries and health policymakers to set up interventions addressing the global non-communicable disease epidemic.

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          Most cited references41

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          A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

          The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260
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            Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic

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              Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study.

              Instruments to assess physical activity are needed for (inter)national surveillance systems and comparison. Male and female adults were recruited from diverse sociocultural, educational and economic backgrounds in 9 countries (total n = 2657). GPAQ and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were administered on at least 2 occasions. Eight countries assessed criterion validity using an objective measure (pedometer or accelerometer) over 7 days. Reliability coefficients were of moderate to substantial strength (Kappa 0.67 to 0.73; Spearman's rho 0.67 to 0.81). Results on concurrent validity between IPAQ and GPAQ also showed a moderate to strong positive relationship (range 0.45 to 0.65). Results on criterion validity were in the poor-fair (range 0.06 to 0.35). There were some observed differences between sex, education, BMI and urban/rural and between countries. Overall GPAQ provides reproducible data and showed a moderate-strong positive correlation with IPAQ, a previously validated and accepted measure of physical activity. Validation of GPAQ produced poor results although the magnitude was similar to the range reported in other studies. Overall, these results indicate that GPAQ is a suitable and acceptable instrument for monitoring physical activity in population health surveillance systems, although further replication of this work in other countries is warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                wufan@scdc.sh.cn
                guoyanfei@scdc.sh.cn
                chatterjis@who.int
                zhengyang@scdc.sh.cn
                naidoon@who.int
                jy78@vip.sina.com
                biritwum@africaonline.com.gh
                aeyawson@yahoo.com
                nadia.minicuci@unipd.it
                asalinas@insp.mx
                bmanrique@insp.mx
                tmaximova@mail.ru
                karl.pel@mahidol.ac.th
                NPhaswanamafuya@hsrc.ac.za
                jjosh@uoregon.edu
                lizthiele747@gmail.com
                Nawi.Ng@epiph.umu.se
                paul.r.kowal@gmail.com
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                6 February 2015
                6 February 2015
                2015
                : 15
                : 88
                Affiliations
                [ ]Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control (Shanghai CDC), 1380 Zhongshan Rd (W), Shanghai, 200336 P.R. China
                [ ]World Health Organization, HIS/HSI/MCS, Geneva, Switzerland
                [ ]National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention (NCNCD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, P.R. China
                [ ]Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
                [ ]National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
                [ ]National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
                [ ]Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
                [ ]University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
                [ ]Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
                [ ]Human Sciences Research Council, Port Elizabeth/Pretoria, South Africa
                [ ]Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor: Research and Engagement, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
                [ ]Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon USA
                [ ]Atlanta, GA USA
                [ ]Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
                [ ]University of Newcastle Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia
                Article
                1407
                10.1186/s12889-015-1407-0
                4335695
                25885218
                6ec46bc2-1ab2-4089-8621-b833589b7569
                © Wu et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 8 August 2014
                : 13 January 2015
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Public health
                chronic non-communicable diseases,sage,tobacco use,obesity,low- and middle-income countries

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