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      Production of Recombinant Anti-Cancer Vaccines in Plants

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          Abstract

          Plant expression systems have been developed to produce anti-cancer vaccines. Plants have several advantages as bioreactors for the production of subunit vaccines: they are considered safe, and may be used to produce recombinant proteins at low production cost. However, several technical issues hinder large-scale production of anti-cancer vaccines in plants. The present review covers design strategies to enhance the immunogenicity and therapeutic potency of anti-cancer vaccines, methods to increase vaccine-expressing plant biomass, and challenges facing the production of anti-cancer vaccines in plants. Specifically, the issues such as low expression levels and plant-specific glycosylation are described, along with their potential solutions.

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          Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of secondary metabolites.

          S Ramachandra Rao, G.A Ravishankar (2002)
          This review deals with the production of high-value secondary metabolites including pharmaceuticals and food additives through plant cell cultures, shoot cultures, root cultures and transgenic roots obtained through biotechnological means. Plant cell and transgenic hairy root cultures are promising potential alternative sources for the production of high-value secondary metabolites of industrial importance. Recent developments in transgenic research have opened up the possibility of the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways to produce high-value secondary metabolites. The production of the pungent food additive capsaicin, the natural colour anthocyanin and the natural flavour vanillin is described in detail.
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            Nicotiana benthamiana: its history and future as a model for plant-pathogen interactions.

            Michael Goodin, David Zaitlin, Rayapati A Naidu … (2008)
            Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely used experimental host in plant virology, due mainly to the large number of diverse plant viruses that can successfully infect it. Additionally, N. benthamiana is susceptible to a wide variety of other plant-pathogenic agents (such as bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and so on), making this species a cornerstone of host-pathogen research, particularly in the context of innate immunity and defense signaling. Moreover, because it can be genetically transformed and regenerated with good efficiency and is amenable to facile methods for virus-induced gene silencing or transient protein expression, N. benthamiana is rapidly gaining popularity in plant biology, particularly in studies requiring protein localization, interaction, or plant-based systems for protein expression and purification. Paradoxically, despite being an indispensable research model, little is known about the origins, genetic variation, or ecology of the N. benthamiana accessions currently used by the research community. In addition to addressing these latter topics, the purpose of this review is to provide information regarding sources for tools and reagents that can be used to support research in N. benthamiana. Finally, we propose that N. benthamiana is well situated to become a premier plant cell biology model, particularly for the virology community, who as a group were the first to recognize the potential of this unique Australian native.
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              Current approaches toward production of secondary plant metabolites

              Md Sarfaraj Hussain, Sheeba Fareed, Saba Ansari … (2012)
              Plants are the tremendous source for the discovery of new products with medicinal importance in drug development. Today several distinct chemicals derived from plants are important drugs, which are currently used in one or more countries in the world. Secondary metabolites are economically important as drugs, flavor and fragrances, dye and pigments, pesticides, and food additives. Many of the drugs sold today are simple synthetic modifications or copies of the naturally obtained substances. The evolving commercial importance of secondary metabolites has in recent years resulted in a great interest in secondary metabolism, particularly in the possibility of altering the production of bioactive plant metabolites by means of tissue culture technology. Plant cell and tissue culture technologies can be established routinely under sterile conditions from explants, such as plant leaves, stems, roots, and meristems for both the ways for multiplication and extraction of secondary metabolites. In vitro production of secondary metabolite in plant cell suspension cultures has been reported from various medicinal plants, and bioreactors are the key step for their commercial production. Based on this lime light, the present review is aimed to cover phytotherapeutic application and recent advancement for the production of some important plant pharmaceuticals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomol Ther (Seoul)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomol Ther (Seoul)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Biomol Ther (Seoul)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ksp
                Title: Biomolecules & Therapeutics
                Publisher: The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
                ISSN (Print): 1976-9148
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-4483
                Publication date (Print): July 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2017
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 345-353
                Affiliations
                Department of Medicine, Therapeutic Protein Engineering Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: E-mail: ksko@ 123456cau.ac.kr , Tel: +82-2-820-5666, Fax: +82-2-813-5387
                Article
                Publisher ID: bt-25-345
                DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.126
                PMC ID: 5499611
                PubMed ID: 28554196
                SO-VID: 6ec8d73a-c9ce-4ab8-8ebe-8865cc29beac
                Copyright © Copyright ©2017, The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 June 2016
                Date revision received : 13 December 2016
                Date accepted : 06 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cancer,vaccine,glycosylation,plant expression system,subunit vaccine,recombinant protein
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cancer, vaccine, glycosylation, plant expression system, subunit vaccine, recombinant protein

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