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      Pupas Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) de los ríos altoandinos tropicales Translated title: Podonominae pupae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the tropical high Andean rivers

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          Abstract

          Resumen Podonominae es una subfamilia de Chironomidae cuyos estados inmaduros habitan ríos y arroyos fríos. En América del Sur, la mayoría de las especies han sido reportadas solamente para la subregión Andina/Patagónica. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de su diversidad en áreas tropicales es aún escaso. Estudiamos la riqueza de géneros y morfotipos de pupas y exuvias pupales Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) en los ríos altoandinos de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú y se discutió su distribución geográfica en el área de estudio. Los especímenes fueron recolectados entre 2004 - 2011 en 197 puntos de muestreo, 17 cuencas hidrográficas por encima de los 2 000 msnm. Durante la estación seca, muestras bentónicas y de deriva fueron tomadas en diferentes sustratos. Reconocimos tres géneros:Podonomopsis,ParochlusyPodonomus,con uno, nueve y 14 morfotipos respectivamente. Sólo seis de ellos fueron claramente determinados como especies previamente descritas.Podonomopsisestuvo representado sólo por una especie,P. illiesi, encontrado únicamente en ríos altos de Perú (más de 3 500 msnm). La abundancia y riqueza de morfotipos deParochlusfueron las altas en ríos de Ecuador y Colombia (P.incaicus,Parochlussp. 1 yParochlussp. 2 fueron las especies más comunes). Por el contrario,Podonomusfue más diverso y abundante en ríos de Perú (P. caranqui,P. fittkauiyP. fastigiansfueron las especies más comunes).Encontramos un claro patrón de distribución de morfotipos en el gradiente latitudinal. Primero, se confirmó una evidente disminución en la riqueza de morfotipos en relación a los Andes del Sur. Segundo, se encontraron especies comoPodomopsisilliesi,PodonomusfittkauiyPodomusfastigiansque solamente estuvieron presentes en Perú, pero no en Ecuador y Colombia. Para estas especies, la Depresión de Huancabamba (6°S Latitud, Norte de Perú), pudo representar una importante barrera en su dispersión hacia latitudes más bajas. También se presenta una clave taxonómica para la determinación de géneros y morfotipos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The Podonominae is a subfamily of Chironomidae which immature stages inhabit cold streams and brooks. In South America, most of the species have been reported only from the Andean/Patagonian subregion. However, the knowledge of its diversity from high tropical areas is still scarce. We studied the richness of genera and morphotypes of pupae and pupal exuviae of Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the high Andean rivers from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, and discussed its geographical distribution in the studied area. The specimens were collected between 2004 and 2011 in 197 sampling points, from 17 basins over 2 000 masl. During the dry season, benthic and drift samples were taken in different substrates. We recognized three genera:Podonomopsis,ParochlusandPodonomus,with one, nine and 14 morphotypes, respectively. Only six of them were clearly determined as species previously described.Podonomopsiswas represented only by one species,P.illiesi, only found in high altitude rivers in Perú (above 3 500 masl). Morphotypes richness and abundance ofParochluswere higher in rivers from Ecuador and Colombia (P.incaicus,Parochlussp. 1 andParochlussp. 2 were the most common species). Conversely,Podonomuswas more diverse and abundant in rivers from Perú (P. caranqui,P. fittkauiandP. fastigianswere the most common species). We found a clear pattern of distribution of morphotypes in the latitudinal gradient. First, we confirmed an evident decrease in the morphotypes richness in relation to the South Andes. Second, we found species such asPodomopsisilliesi,PodonomusfittkauiandPodomusfastigiansthat only were present in Perú, but not in Ecuador and Colombia. For these species, the Huancabamba Depression (6°S Latitude, North of Perú), could represent an important barrier in their dispersion toward lower latitudes. A taxonomic key to genera and morphotypes determination was also provided. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 6-27. Epub 2018 March 01.

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          Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges. With a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae.

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            New insights into the phylogenetic relationships, character evolution, and phytogeographic patterns of Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae).

            Biogeographical patterns and diversification processes in Andean and Patagonian flora are not yet well understood. Calceolaria is a highly diversified genus of these areas, representing one of the most specialized plant-pollinator systems because flowers produce nonvolatile oils, a very unusual floral reward. Phylogenetic analyses with molecular (ITS and matK) and morphological characters from 103 Calceolaria species were conducted to examine relationships, to understand biogeographic patterns, and to detect evolutionary patterns of floral and ecological characters. Total evidence analysis retrieved three major clades, which strongly correspond to the three previously recognized subgenera, although only subgenus Rosula was retrieved as a monophyletic group. A single historical event explains the expansion from the southern to central Andes, while different parallel evolutionary lines show a northward expansion from the central to northern Andes across the Huancabamba Deflection, an important geographical barrier in northern Peru. Polyploidy, acquisition of elaiophores, and a nototribic pollination mechanism are key aspects of the evolutionary history of Calceolaria. Pollination interactions were more frequently established with Centris than with Chalepogenus oil-collecting bee species. The repeated loss of the oil gland and shifts to pollen as the only reward suggest an evolutionary tendency from highly to moderately specialized pollination systems.
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              Facts and theories on the Andes

              A. Gansser (1973)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbt
                Revista de Biología Tropical
                Rev. biol. trop
                Universidad de Costa Rica (San José, San José, Costa Rica )
                0034-7744
                0034-7744
                March 2018
                : 66
                : 1
                : 6-27
                Affiliations
                [1] Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona Spain racosta@ 123456ub.edu
                Article
                S0034-77442018000100006
                10.15517/rbt.v66i1
                6ee55812-a561-4d34-96f9-d2fe3d6c3447

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 November 2017
                : 20 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica


                exuvias pupales,South America,macroinvertebrates,aquatic insects,high Andean streams,pupal exuviae,América del Sur,macroinvertebrados,insectos acuáticos,ríos altoandinos

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