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      Vacunación antigripal en estudiantes de enfermería durante la temporada 2014-2015 Translated title: Influenza vaccination among nursing students from a university of Castilla-León for the 2014-2015 season after their inclusion as target group for vaccination

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          Abstract

          Fundamentos: Los estudiantes en prácticas en centros sanitarios de Castilla-León están incluidos como grupo diana de vacunación antigripal desde la temporada 2012-2013. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer la cobertura de vacunación antigripal de estudiantes de enfermería y los factores determinantes de la vacunación. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal que incluyó a todos los estudiantes matriculados en la carrera de enfermería de una Universidad castellano-leonesa durante el año académico 2014-2015. Para obtener la información se utilizó un cuestionario autocumplimentado que recogió estatus vacunal frente a gripe 2014-2015, razones para vacunarse y 10 preguntas sobre conocimientos generales de vacunas. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas. La significación estadística se estudió utilizando la prueba chi-cuadrado y regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: De los 340 estudiantes incluidos respondieron 227 (66,8%). El 5,3% refirió haberse vacunado. Las principales razones para vacunarse fueron: autoprotección (75%), protección de familiares y amigos (58,3%) y protección a pacientes (50%). Como motivos para no vacunarse destacaron: nadie me ha ofrecido vacunarme (59,2%) y no presentar ningún riesgo de tener gripe o sus complicaciones (40,8%). El 22,0% contestó adecuadamente 8 o más preguntas. Conocer que los componentes de las vacunas no son peligrosos se asoció con vacunarse (p=0,023). Conclusiones: La cobertura fue baja respecto a la descrita en trabajadores sanitarios. El nivel de conocimientos es mejorable. Además, conocer que las dosis de sustancias químicas de las vacunas no son peligrosas se asoció con vacunarse.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Trainee students in healthcare settings of Castilla-León have been included as target group for influenza vaccination since 2012-2013 season. Our aim was to determine vaccination coverage against seasonal influenza virus among nursing students and to identify its determining factors after the implementation of such indication. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was performed during the 2014-2015 school year. It included all enrolled nursing students from a university of Castilla-León. The information (2014-2015 influenza vaccination status, reasons and 10 questions about knowledge of vaccines) was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated and the associations were evaluated using a Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: 227 students of the 340 (66.8%) completed the questionnaire. 5.3% of them reported having been vaccinated. The main reasons to be vaccinated were: self-protection (75%), protection of family/friends (58.3%) and protection of patients (50%). The main reasons to be unvaccinated were: nobody has offered to vaccinate me (59.2%) and not having risk of influenza or its complications (40.8%). At least 8 knowledge questions were answered correctly by 22.0% of students. Being aware that vaccines components are not dangerous was associated with vaccination (p=0.023). Conclusions: The coverage was low regarding rates in health-care workers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to promote and raise awareness regarding vaccination in this group. The level of knowledge was improvable. Since the knowledge that the doses of chemical substances in vaccines are not dangerous was associated with vaccination, specific educational programs should be carried out at universities to improve/reinforce the students' knowledge regarding vaccines.

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          Measuring people's knowledge about vaccination: developing a one-dimensional scale.

          We propose a new scale to measure people's general knowledge about vaccinations. The scale's psychometric properties and its relationship with people's willingness to vaccinate were examined in two studies. In Study 1, a representative sample of the German- and French-speaking populations in Switzerland (N=1123) responded to a mail survey. In Study 2, members of an online panel answered the same questions (N=233). The results of both studies suggest that people differ considerably in their ability to correctly answer questions related to vaccinations. Mokken scale analyses and a test-retest analysis showed that nine items form a one-dimensional scale with good psychometric properties. In both studies, a substantial correlation between knowledge and willingness to vaccinate was observed. The scale proposed in this study is well suited for research examining group differences. In a time when new media such as the Internet is highly accessible to most people, misconceptions can easily be spread. A good knowledge scale is important for measuring possible knowledge changes.
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            Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices--United States, 2013-2014.

            David Shay (2013)
            This report updates the 2012 recommendations by CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccines for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza (CDC. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2012;61:613-8). Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. For the 2013-14 influenza season, it is expected that trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV3) will be replaced by a quadrivalent LAIV formulation (LAIV4). Inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) will be available in both trivalent (IIV3) and quadrivalent (IIV4) formulations. Vaccine virus strains included in the 2013-14 U.S. trivalent influenza vaccines will be an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus, an H3N2 virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011, and a B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus. Quadrivalent vaccines will include an additional influenza B virus strain, a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus, intended to ensure that both influenza B virus antigenic lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) are included in the vaccine. This report describes recently approved vaccines, including LAIV4, IIV4, trivalent cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV3), and trivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV3). No preferential recommendation is made for one influenza vaccine product over another for persons for whom more than one product is otherwise appropriate. This information is intended for vaccination providers, immunization program personnel, and public health personnel. These recommendations and other information are available at CDC's influenza website (http://www.cdc.gov/flu); any updates also will be found at this website. Vaccination and health-care providers should check the CDC influenza website periodically for additional information.
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              E-health use, vaccination knowledge and perception of own risk: drivers of vaccination uptake in medical students.

              was to improve understanding of mechanisms contributing to healthcare personnel's (HCP) reluctance to get vaccinated against seasonal influenza. We assessed the role of several drivers: vaccination knowledge, vaccination recommendations and the role of the Internet (so-called e-health) in creating vaccination knowledge. The key mechanism under consideration was the perceived own risk (regarding disease and the vaccine). 310 medical students at the Frankfurt University Hospital answered an anonymous questionnaire assessing risk perceptions, intentions to get vaccinated, knowledge, preferences regarding information sources for personal health decisions and search-terms that they would use in a Google-search directed at seasonal influenza vaccination. The key driver of vaccination intentions was the perceived own risk (of contracting influenza and of suffering from vaccine adverse events). The recommendation to get vaccinated was a significant, yet weaker predictor. As an indirect driver we identified one's knowledge concerning vaccination. 32% of the knowledge questions were answered incorrectly or as don't know. 64% of the students were e-health users; therefore, additional information search via the Internet was likely. An analysis of the websites obtained by googling the search-terms provided by the students revealed 30% commercial e-health websites, 11% anti-vaccination websites and 10% public health websites. Explicit searches for vaccination risks led to fewer public health websites than searches without risk as a search term. Content analysis of the first three websites obtained revealed correct information regarding the questions of whether the doses of vaccine additives were dangerous, whether chronic diseases are triggered by vaccines and whether vaccines promote allergies in 58%, 53% and 34% of the websites, respectively. These questions were especially related to own risk, which strongly predicted intentions. Correct information on vaccination recommendations were provided on 85% of the websites. Concentrating on the key drivers in early medical education (own risk of contracting influenza, vaccine safety, vaccination recommendation) promises to be a successful combination to increase vaccination uptake in HCP. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                December 2015
                : 89
                : 6
                : 615-625
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Infanta Leonor - Hospital Virgen de la Torre orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública España
                [02] Salamanca orgnameUniversidad de Salamanca orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia España
                [03] Salamanca orgnameUniversidad de Salamanca orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública España
                Article
                S1135-57272015000600009 S1135-5727(15)08900600009
                10.4321/S1135-57272015000600009
                26786309
                6eebf354-6381-4ac4-8b81-d10b0a1b8329

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Public Health


                Nursing,España,Students,Influenza Vaccines,Immunization Coverage,Knowledge,Spain,Estudiantes de enfermería,Vacuna antigripal,Cobertura de vacunación,Conocimiento

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