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      Media device ownership and media use: Associations with sedentary time, physical activity and fitness in English youth

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to determine whether ownership and use of electronic media were associated with sedentary time and cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) in youth. We also aimed to determine if associations were independent of physical activity (PA).

          Fitness was measured using the 20 m shuttle-run. PA, sedentary time, ownership of media devices and media use were self-reported.

          Participants (n = 678, age 10–15 years) reported daily sedentary time of 620 (± 210) min. Forty-one percent of participants had low PA and 50.4% had low fitness.

          Higher weekend sedentary time was associated with low fitness in girls ( p = 0.005) and boys ( p < 0.001) and remained significant when adjusted for PA in the latter ( p = 0.006). Using social media was associated with higher sedentary time in both sexes and low fitness in girls. High sedentary time was more likely (OR = 5.3, 95%CI: 2.0–14.4) in boys who owned game consoles. Low fitness was more likely in boys who owned digital/satellite TV receivers (OR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.8–3.2).

          Schoolchildren spent > 10 h or ~ 85% of each waking day sedentary. Use of social media was associated with higher sedentary time in both sexes and with low fitness in girls. Reducing social media use in youth offers one potential target for intervention. Behaviours associated with sedentary time differed from predictors of low fitness. The complex and often sex-specific interactions identified between sedentary time, PA and fitness suggest the need for carefully targeted interventions to reduce sedentary time and improve fitness in English youth.

          Highlights

          • •

            English schoolchildren spend most of their waking time engaged in sedentary behaviours.

          • •

            Physical activity and sedentary time are independently associated with low fitness in boys.

          • •

            Owning a game console is associated with higher sedentary time in boys.

          • •

            Use of social media is associated with higher sedentary time in boys and girls.

          • •

            Owning a digital/satellite TV receiver doubles the risk of low cardiorespiratory fitness in boys.

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          Most cited references22

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          A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents.

          J Sallis, J J Prochaska, W C Taylor (2000)
          Understanding the factors that influence physical activity can aid the design of more effective interventions. Previous reviews of correlates of youth physical activity have produced conflicting results. A comprehensive review of correlates of physical activity was conducted, and semiquantitative results were summarized separately for children (ages 3-12) and adolescents (ages 13-18). The 108 studies evaluated 40 variables for children and 48 variables for adolescents. About 60% of all reported associations with physical activity were statistically significant. Variables that were consistently associated with children's physical activity were sex (male), parental overweight status, physical activity preferences, intention to be active, perceived barriers (inverse), previous physical activity, healthy diet, program/facility access, and time spent outdoors. Variables that were consistently associated with adolescents' physical activity were sex (male), ethnicity (white), age (inverse), perceived activity competence, intentions, depression (inverse), previous physical activity, community sports, sensation seeking, sedentary after school and on weekends (inverse), parent support, support from others, sibling physical activity, direct help from parents, and opportunities to exercise. These consistently related variables should be confirmed in prospective studies, and interventions to improve the modifiable variables should be developed and evaluated.
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            Sedentary behaviour in youth.

            Russell R. Pate, Jonathan Mitchell, Wonwoo Byun … (2011)
            The purpose of this review is to describe the amount of time children spend in sedentary behaviour and to determine if there are specific factors that associate with sedentary behaviour in children. The following search terms were used to identify relevant articles: sedentary behaviour, inactivity, television, computer, video games, small screen, sitting, prevalence, patterns, correlates, factors and determinants. The databases used to conduct the search included PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) and Academic Search Premier. The studies reviewed were limited to those that sampled children (2-18 years), were written in English and used a measure of sedentary behaviour as the dependent variable. Several studies reported the time spent watching television or the proportion of children at or above a threshold for television viewing (eg, ≥3 h/day). Among the accelerometer studies included, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is the largest and reported ∼6.1, 7.5 and 8.0 h/day mean sedentary time in children 6-11, 12-15 and 16-19 years old, respectively. Taken together, the existing literature across the world indicates a slightly higher level of sedentary behaviour in older children. Higher levels of sedentary behaviour were also reported in non-white children, children from lower socioeconomic status background and children from households with more access to televisions/computers. Lower levels of sedentary behaviour were reported in children whose parents have rules/limitations on screen time.
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              Active video games to promote physical activity in children and youth: a systematic review.

              Elaine Biddiss, Jennifer P Irwin (2010)
              To systematically review levels of metabolic expenditure and changes in activity patterns associated with active video game (AVG) play in children and to provide directions for future research efforts. A review of the English-language literature (January 1, 1998, to January 1, 2010) via ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Scholars Portal using the following keywords: video game, exergame, physical activity, fitness, exercise, energy metabolism, energy expenditure, heart rate, disability, injury, musculoskeletal, enjoyment, adherence, and motivation. Only studies involving youth (< or = 21 years) and reporting measures of energy expenditure, activity patterns, physiological risks and benefits, and enjoyment and motivation associated with mainstream AVGs were included. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Articles were reviewed and data were extracted and synthesized by 2 independent reviewers. MAIN OUTCOME EXPOSURES: Energy expenditure during AVG play compared with rest (12 studies) and activity associated with AVG exposure (6 studies). Percentage increase in energy expenditure and heart rate (from rest). Activity levels during AVG play were highly variable, with mean (SD) percentage increases of 222% (100%) in energy expenditure and 64% (20%) in heart rate. Energy expenditure was significantly lower for games played primarily through upper body movements compared with those that engaged the lower body (difference, -148%; 95% confidence interval, -231% to -66%; P = .001). The AVGs enable light to moderate physical activity. Limited evidence is available to draw conclusions on the long-term efficacy of AVGs for physical activity promotion.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gavin R.H. Sandercock
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prev Med Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Prev Med Rep
                Title: Preventive Medicine Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-3355
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 June 2016
                Publication date Collection: December 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 June 2016
                Volume: 4
                Pages: 162-168
                Affiliations
                [a ]University of Essex, Colchester, UK
                [b ]Performance Technology Ltd. Hereford, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.Centre for Sports and Exercise ScienceSchool of Biological Sciences, University of EssexColchesterCO4 3SQUK gavins@ 123456essex.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2211-3355(16)30043-2
                DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.05.013
                PMC ID: 4929126
                PubMed ID: 27413678
                SO-VID: 6f57aac3-c7a0-4b52-9e9c-b1c115afeddb
                Copyright © © 2016 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 November 2015
                Date revision received : 17 May 2016
                Date accepted : 19 May 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Regular Article

                Keywords: television,cell phones,text messaging,social media
                Data availability:
                Keywords: television, cell phones, text messaging, social media

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