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      Principios bioéticos en salud pública: limitaciones y propuestas Translated title: Bioethical principles in public health: limitations and proposals

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          Abstract

          Este artículo intenta caracterizar la especificidad de los problemas morales en salud pública y analizar la aplicabilidad del modelo principialista como padrón para dirimir sus conflictos. Aunque considerado pertinente para la bioética clínica, este modelo no es aplicable sin más a los dilemas en salud pública, puesto que se fundamenta en la moral de las interrelaciones médico-paciente. Se analiza la pertinencia de los principios de "solidaridad", de "responsabilidad óntica" según Jonas, y de "responsabilidad diacónica" según Lévinas, destacando la inaplicabilidad del primero y la posible adaptación de los otros dos a la salud pública. A ese respecto se discute la posibilidad de vincular la preocupación ontológica de Jonas y la trascendental de Lévinas, proponiendo un principio de protección que sería más adecuado a los propósitos de una ética de la salud pública, permitiendo identificar claramente los objetivos y los actores implicados en una implementación de políticas públicas moralmente correctas y pragmáticamente efectivas.

          Translated abstract

          We propose to analyze the specificity of ethical problems in public health issues and to elucidate the applicability of principlism as a problem-solving strategy in this realm. Although well-established in clinical ethics, principlism is not an adequate model to be used in public health, since it is basically intended to serve as a moral guide in the physician-patient encounter. We discuss the possible adequacy of principles like "solidarity", "ontic responsibility" (as proposed by Jonas), and "caring or diaconal responsibility" as presented by Lévinas. Solidarity appears to be insufficiently specified, whereas the other two perspectives may be adapted to public health issues by bringing together Jonas´ ontological and Lévinas´ transcendental concerns to form a principle of protection that might better serve the purposes of such an ethics. This principle would help to identify more clearly the goals and agents involved in the implementation of public policies that are expected to be both morally correct and pragmatically effective.

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          A critique of principlism.

          The authors use the term "principlism" to refer to the practice of using "principles" to replace both moral theory and particular moral rules and ideals in dealing with the moral problems that arise in medical practice. The authors argue that these "principles" do not function as claimed, and that their use is misleading both practically and theoretically. The "principles" are in fact not guides to action, but rather they are merely names for a collection of sometimes superficially related matters for consideration when dealing with a moral problem. The "principles" lack any systematic relationship to each other, and they often conflict with each other. These conflicts are unresolvable, since there is no unified moral theory from which they are all derived. For comparison the authors sketch the advantages of using a unified moral theory.
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            Why is preventive medicine exempted from ethical constraints?

            It is a paradox that medical experimentation on individuals, whether patients or healthy volunteers, is now controlled by strict ethical guidelines, while no such protection exists for whole populations which are subjected to medical interventions in the name of preventive medicine or health promotion. As many such interventions are either of dubious benefit or of uncertain harm-benefit balance, such as mass screening for cancers or for risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, there is no justification for maintaining the ethical vacuum in which preventive medicine finds itself at present.
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              A Sociological Account of the Growth of Principlism

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                August 2001
                : 17
                : 4
                : 949-956
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública orgdiv2Departamento de Ciências Sociais Brasil
                [02] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [03] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades orgdiv2Departamento de Filosofía Chile
                Article
                S0102-311X2001000400029 S0102-311X(01)01700429
                10.1590/S0102-311X2001000400029
                6f7b2b34-3c1f-4cf1-843c-68a76411267f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)

                Morals,Bioethics,Bioética,Política Social,Public Policy,Principios Morales

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