Artemisinin is a sesquiterpenoid anti-malarial drug isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine artemisia annua. Recent studies have suggested that artemisinin and its derivatives have significant efficacy in treating non-malarial diseases such as infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and tumors. This article reviews the relevant literature involving the clinical use and pharmacological effects of artemisinin in treating non-malarial diseases, and the latest progress in this field. With the development of drug synthesis techniques and clinical pharmacology, artemisinin and its derivative drugs may play a greater role in the treatment of non-malaria diseases in the future.