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      Tiroides endotorácico. Indicaciones del abordaje endotorácico Translated title: Remote access thyroid surgery

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción y objetivo: La incidencia de bocio endotorácico entre los pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía oscila entre el 6% y el 30%. Aunque el abordaje cervical es suficiente en la mayoría de los casos, el abordaje endotorácico puede ser necesario en el 1-5.5% de los pacientes. Por lo que es recomendable anticiparlo. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir los factores predictivos de necesidad de este tipo de abordaje. Síntesis: Los principales factores de riesgo para la realización de esternotomía en los casos de bocio subesternal son la extensión por debajo del cayado aórtico y la localización retrotraqueal o retrovascular. El abordaje torácico será igualmente necesario en bocios ectópicos mediastínicos sin conexión con el tiroides cervical y se recomendará la valoración por un cirujano torácico en casos de bocio olvidado, así como en pacientes con antecedentes de radioterapia o cirugía cervical y sospecha de malignidad con afectación extra-tiroidea. La elección del abordaje dependerá de la localización, del tamaño de la masa y su relación con los órganos vecinos; los abordajes mínimamente invasivos pueden ser alternativas seguras a la esternotomía o la toracotomía. Las complicaciones postoperatorias más frecuentes de la resección de tiroides endotorácico son típicas de la cirugía tiroidea: parálisis recurrencial temporal o permanente, hipoparatiroidismo, insuficiencia respiratoria y sangrado postoperatorio. Conclusiones: Hasta en un 5% de las tiroidectomías, puede ser necesario un abordaje torácico, por lo que es conveniente anticiparlo. El abordaje torácico será necesario en casos de bocio con extensión por debajo del cayado, localización retrotraqueal o retrovascular y en bocios mediastínicos sin conexión con el tiroides cervical.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction and objective: The incidence of endothoracic goiter among patients undergoing thyroidectomy ranges from 6% to 30%. Although the cervical approach is sufficient in most cases, the endothoracic approach may be necessary in 1-5.5% of patients. So it is advisable to anticipate it. The objective of this article is to describe the indications if this kind of approach. Synthesis: The main risk factors for performing sternotomy in cases of substernal goiter are the extension below the aortic arch and the retrotracheal or retrovascular location. The thoracic approach will be equally necessary in mediastinal ectopic goiters without connection to the cervical thyroid. The evaluation by a thoracic surgeon in cases of forgotten goitre will be recommended, as well as in patients with a history of radiotherapy or cervical surgery and suspected malignancy with extra-thyroid involvement. The choice of approach will depend on the location, the size of the mass and its relationship with the neighboring organs. Minimally invasive approaches can be safe alternatives to sternotomy or thoracotomy. The most frequent postoperative complications of endothoracic thyroid resection are typical of thyroid surgery: temporary or permanent recurrent paralysis, hypoparathyroidism, respiratory failure and postoperative bleeding. Conclusions: Up to 5% of thyroidectomies, a thoracic approach may be necessary, so it is convenient to anticipate it. The thoracic approach will be necessary in cases of goiter with extension below the arch, retrotracheal or retrovascular location and in mediastinal goiters without connection to the cervical thyroid.

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          Most cited references31

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          American Thyroid Association statement on optimal surgical management of goiter.

          Goiter, or benign enlargement of the thyroid gland, can be asymptomatic or can cause compression of surrounding structures such as the esophagus and/or trachea. The options for medical treatment of euthyroid goiter are short-lived and are limited to thyroxine hormone suppression and radioactive iodine ablation. The objective of this statement article is to discuss optimal surgical management of goiter. A task force was convened by the Surgical Affairs Committee of the American Thyroid Association and was tasked with writing of this article. Surgical management is recommended for goiters with compressive symptoms. Symptoms of dyspnea, orthopnea, and dysphagia are more commonly associated with thyromegaly, in particular, substernal goiters. Several studies have demonstrated improved breathing and swallowing outcomes after thyroidectomy. With careful preoperative testing and thoughtful consideration of the type of anesthesia, including the type of intubation, preparation for surgery can be optimized. In addition, planning the extent of surgery and postoperative care are necessary to achieve optimal results. Close collaboration of an experienced surgical and anesthesia team is essential for induction and reversal of anesthesia. In addition, this team must be cognizant of complications from massive goiter surgery such as bleeding, airway distress, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and transient hypoparathyroidism. With careful preparation and teamwork, successful thyroid surgery can be achieved.
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            Surgical management of cervico-mediastinal goiters: Our experience and review of the literature.

            We analyze and discuss the clinical presentation, the diagnostic procedures and the surgical technique in relation to post-operative complications and results in cervico-mediastinal thyroid masses admitted in Thoracic Surgery Unit of AOU Second University of Naples from 1991 to 2006 and in Thoracic Surgery Unit of AOU "S. Giovanni di Dio & Ruggi D'Aragona" of Salerno over a period of 3 years (2011-2014).
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              Management of substernal goiter.

              To analyze the presentation, evaluation and treatment of patients with large substernal goiters, with emphasis on the radiographic evaluation and the results of treatment. A retrospective chart review of 150 patients undergoing thyroidectomy at the Vanderbilt University Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Charts of patients undergoing thyroidectomy were reviewed. Those with substernal goiter, defined as a major portion of the goiter within the mediastinum, were included in the study. When available, the radiographic studies were reviewed by a staff neuroradiologist. Twenty-three patients (15.3%) presented with substernal extension of the goiter. Characteristics of these patients included mean age of 59 years, 78% female, symptoms of compression such as dyspnea, choking, and dysphagia (65%), hoarseness (43%), and previous thyroid surgery (30%). Seventeen percent were asymptomatic. Preoperative radiographs demonstrated tracheal compression (73%), tracheal deviation (77%), esophageal compression (27%), and major vessel displacement (50%). Histology revealed multinodular goiter (16/23, 70%), thyroiditis (3/23, 13%), and malignancy (4/23, 17%). The average size of the resected specimen in greatest dimension was 8.0 cm (range, 3.0-14.0 cm) and weighed 148 g (range, 39-426 g). All were successfully approached through a transcervical incision without the need for sternotomy, and total thyroidectomy was performed in 83% of the cases. No major complications have been documented, and no evidence of tracheomalacia was encountered. Despite the large size of these goiters and the significant involvement of the major mediastinal structures, all were approached through the transcervical incision. Further, despite significant tracheal involvement, there were no cases of tracheomalacia or major complications. For intraoperative planning, the authors advocate the routine use of preoperative computed tomography scanning.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                June 2020
                : 11
                : 2
                : 217-223
                Affiliations
                [1] Salamanca Castilla y León orgnameUniversidad de Salamanca orgdiv1Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. IBSAL orgdiv2Servicio de Cirugía Torácica Spain
                Article
                S2444-79862020000200009 S2444-7986(20)01100200009
                10.14201/orl.21595
                6f9c0791-9610-4e58-b6d1-471338009cfc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 October 2019
                : 17 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                tiroides endotorácico,sternotomy,thoracic approach,thoracic surgery,endothoracic thyroid,substernal goiter,Goiter,esternotomía,abordaje torácico,cirugía torácica,bocio endotorácico,Bocio

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