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Abstract
Dear Editor:
I read your publication ethics issue on “bogus impact factors” with great interest
(1). I would like to initiate a new trend in manipulating the citation counts. There
are several ethical approaches to increase the number of citations for a published
paper (2). However, it is apparent that some manipulation of the number of citations
is occurring (3, 4). Self-citations, “those in which the authors cite their own works”
account for a significant portion of all citations (5). With the advent of information
technology, it is easy to identify unusual trends for citations in a paper or a journal.
A web application to calculate the single publication h-index based on (6) is available
online (7, 8). A tool developed by Francisco Couto (9) can measure authors’ citation
impact by excluding the self-citations. Self-citation is ethical when it is a necessity.
Nevertheless, there is a threshold for self-citations. Thomson Reuters’ resource,
known as the Web of Science (WoS) and currently lists journal impact factors, considers
self-citation to be acceptable up to a rate of 20%; anything over that is considered
suspect (10). In some journals, even 5% is considered to be a high rate of self-citations.
The ‘Journal Citation Report’ is a reliable source for checking the acceptable level
of self-citation in any field of study. The Public Policy Group of the London School
of Economics (LSE) published a handbook for “Maximizing the Impacts of Your Research”
and described self-citation rates across different groups of disciplines, indicating
that they vary up to 40% (11).
Unfortunately, there is no significant penalty for the most frequent self-citers,
and the effect of self-citation remains positive even for very high rates of self-citation
(5). However, WoS has dropped some journals from its database because of untrue trends
in the citations (4). The same policy also should be applied for the most frequent
self-citers. The ethics of publications should be adhered to by those who wish to
conduct research and publish their findings.
Author Summary: Due to the effect of citation impact on The Higher Education (THE) world university ranking system, most of the researchers are looking for some helpful techniques to increase their citation record. This paper by reviewing the relevant articles extracts 33 different ways for increasing the citations possibilities. The results show that the article visibility has tended to receive more download and citations. This is probably the first study to collect over 30 different ways to improve the citation record. Further study is needed to explore and expand these techniques in specific fields of study in order to make the results more precisely.
Ph.D. of Technology Management, Visiting Research Fellow, Research Support Unit, Centre
of Research Services, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring (IPPP), University
of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Author notes
Corresponding Author: Dr. Nader Ale Ebrahim, Research Support Unit, Centre of Research
Services, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring (IPPP), University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +60.37967 7812, Fax: +60.37967 7813, Email:
aleebrahim@
123456um.edu.my
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