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      Robot Tutoring of Multiplication: Over One-Third Learning Gain for Most, Learning Loss for Some

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      Robotics
      MDPI AG

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          Abstract

          In the design of educational robots, it appears to be undecided as to whether robots should show social behaviors and look human-like or whether such cues are insignificant for learning. We conducted an experiment with different designs of social robots built from the same materials, which is unique in robotics research. The robots rehearsed multiplication tables with primary school children in Hong Kong, which is a user group not easily or often accessed. The results show that affective bonding tendencies may occur but did not significantly contribute to the learning progress of these children, which was perhaps due to the short interaction period. Nonetheless, 5 min of robot tutoring improved their scores by about 30%, while performance dropped only for a few challenged children. We discuss topics, such as teaching language skills, which may be fostered by human likeness in appearance and behaviors; however, for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-related subjects, the social aspects of robots hardly seem to matter.

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          Most cited references43

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          Early Teacher-Child Relationships and the Trajectory of Children's School Outcomes through Eighth Grade

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            Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year.

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              The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Robotics
                Robotics
                MDPI AG
                2218-6581
                March 2021
                January 14 2021
                : 10
                : 1
                : 16
                Article
                10.3390/robotics10010016
                6fc92340-47f4-4016-b6c1-f3c2b689b8d0
                © 2021

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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