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      Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences Translated title: Sexo y cerebro: las hormonas y las diferencias de sexo Translated title: Le cerveau « sexuel » : hormones et différences selon le sexe

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          Abstract

          Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.

          Translated abstract

          A diferencia de la creencia popular, las hormonas sexuales actúan sobre todo el cerebro tanto de machos como de hembras mediante los receptores genómicos y no genómicos. Muchas funciones neurales y conductuales están influenciadas por los estrógenos, incluyendo el ánimo, la función cognitiva, la regulación de la presión sanguínea, la coordinación motora, el dolor y la sensibilidad a los opioides. Existen sutiles diferencias por sexo para muchas de estas funciones que están programadas a través del desarrollo por hormonas y por factores genéticos no todavía bien definidos, incluyendo el genoma mitocondrial. Estas diferencias de sexo, y las respuestas a las hormonas sexuales en regiones cerebrales y sobre funciones que antes no se consideraban sujetas a tales diferencias, indican que estamos entrando en una nueva era en nuestra capacidad para comprender y apreciar la diversidad de las conductas relacionadas con el género y las funciones cerebrales.

          Translated abstract

          Contrairement à la croyance populaire, les hormones sexuelles agissent sur tout le cerveau, masculin et féminin, à travers des récepteurs génomiques et non génomiques. Les estrogènes agissent sur de nombreuses fonctions neuronales et comportementales dont l'humeur, les fonctions cognitives, la régulation de la pression artérielle, la coordination motrice, la douleur et la sensibilité aux opioïdes. Il existe des différences subtiles selon le sexe pour un grand nombre de ces fonctions dont le développement est sous dépendance hormonale et sous l'influence de facteurs génétiques non encore précisément définis, comme le génome mitochondrial. Ces différences selon le sexe et les réponses aux hormones sexuelles dans des régions cérébrales et sur des fonctions considérées auparavant comme non concernées par de telles différences, montrent qu'une nouvelle ère de compréhension et d'appréciation de la variété des comportements et des fonctions cérébrales selon le sexe s'ouvre devant nous.

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          Most cited references110

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          A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders.

          There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that stress decreases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in limbic structures that control mood and that antidepressant treatment reverses or blocks the effects of stress. Decreased levels of BDNF, as well as other neurotrophic factors, could contribute to the atrophy of certain limbic structures, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that has been observed in depressed subjects. Conversely, the neurotrophic actions of antidepressants could reverse neuronal atrophy and cell loss and thereby contribute to the therapeutic actions of these treatments. This review provides a critical examination of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression that has evolved from this work, including analysis of preclinical cellular (adult neurogenesis) and behavioral models of depression and antidepressant actions, as well as clinical neuroimaging and postmortem studies. Although there are some limitations, the results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased expression of BDNF and possibly other growth factors contributes to depression and that upregulation of BDNF plays a role in the actions of antidepressant treatment.
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            A translational profiling approach for the molecular characterization of CNS cell types.

            The cellular heterogeneity of the brain confounds efforts to elucidate the biological properties of distinct neuronal populations. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice that express EGFP-tagged ribosomal protein L10a in defined cell populations, we have developed a methodology for affinity purification of polysomal mRNAs from genetically defined cell populations in the brain. The utility of this approach is illustrated by the comparative analysis of four types of neurons, revealing hundreds of genes that distinguish these four cell populations. We find that even two morphologically indistinguishable, intermixed subclasses of medium spiny neurons display vastly different translational profiles and present examples of the physiological significance of such differences. This genetically targeted translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) methodology is a generalizable method useful for the identification of molecular changes in any genetically defined cell type in response to genetic alterations, disease, or pharmacological perturbations.
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              Sex differences in pain and pain inhibition: multiple explanations of a controversial phenomenon.

              A clear majority of patients with chronic pain are women; however, it has been surprisingly difficult to determine whether this sex bias corresponds to actual sex differences in pain sensitivity. A survey of the currently available epidemiological and laboratory data indicates that the evidence for clinical and experimental sex differences in pain is overwhelming. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been given, ranging from experiential and sociocultural differences in pain experience between men and women to hormonally and genetically driven sex differences in brain neurochemistry.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2016
                December 2016
                : 18
                : 4
                : 373-383
                Affiliations
                Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
                Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.4/jmarrocco
                5286723
                28179809
                6fe1e1fa-8607-4723-8dff-c8c16e7de965
                Copyright: © 2016 Institut la Conference Hippocrate - Servier Research Group

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Basic Research

                Neurosciences
                aging,androgen,depression,epigenetics,estradiol,hippocampus,memory,prefrontal cortex,progesterone,structural plasticity,synapse formation

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